C#集合类(HashTable, Dictionary, ArrayList)与HashTable线程安全
HashTable中的key/value均為object類型,由包含集合元素的存儲桶組成。存儲桶是 HashTable中各元素的虛擬子組,與大多數集合中進行的搜索和檢索相比,存儲桶可令搜索和檢索更為便捷。每一存儲桶都與一個哈希代碼關聯,該哈希代碼是使用哈希函數生成的并基于該元素的鍵。HashTable的優點就在于其索引的方式,速度非常快。如果以任意類型鍵值訪問其中元素會快于其他集合,特別是當數據量特別大的時候,效率差別尤其大。
HashTable的應用場合有:做對象緩存,樹遞歸算法的替代,和各種需提升效率的場合。
??? //Hashtable sample??? System.Collections.Hashtable ht =?new System.Collections.Hashtable();
??? //--Be careful: Keys can't be duplicated, and can't be null----
??? ht.Add(1, "apple");
??? ht.Add(2, "banana");
??? ht.Add(3, "orange");
???
??? //Modify item value:
??? if(ht.ContainsKey(1))
??????? ht[1] =?"appleBad";
??? //The following code will return null oValue, no exception
??? object oValue = ht[5];?
???
??? //traversal 1:
??? foreach (DictionaryEntry de in ht)
??? {
??????? Console.WriteLine(de.Key);
??????? Console.WriteLine(de.Value);
??? }
??? //traversal 2:
??? System.Collections.IDictionaryEnumerator d = ht.GetEnumerator();
??? while (d.MoveNext())
??? {
??????? Console.WriteLine("key:{0} value:{1}", d.Entry.Key, d.Entry.Value);
??? }
??? //Clear items
??? ht.Clear();
Dictionary和HashTable內部實現差不多,但前者無需裝箱拆箱操作,效率略高一點。
??? System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<int, string> fruits =?
??????? new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<int, string>();
??? fruits.Add(1, "apple");
??? fruits.Add(2, "banana");
??? fruits.Add(3, "orange");
??? foreach (int i in fruits.Keys)
??? {
??????? Console.WriteLine("key:{0} value:{1}", i, fruits);
??? }
??? if (fruits.ContainsKey(1))
??? {
??????? Console.WriteLine("contain this key.");
??? }
?
ArrayList是一維變長數組,內部值為object類型,效率一般:
?
??? //ArrayList??? System.Collections.ArrayList list =?new System.Collections.ArrayList();
??? list.Add(1);//object type
??? list.Add(2);
??? for (int i =?0; i < list.Count; i++)
??? {
??????? Console.WriteLine(list[i]);
??? }
HashTable是經過優化的,訪問下標的對象先散列過,所以內部是無序散列的,保證了高效率,也就是說,其輸出不是按照開始加入的順序,而Dictionary遍歷輸出的順序,就是加入的順序,這點與Hashtable不同。如果一定要排序HashTable輸出,只能自己實現:
??? System.Collections.ArrayList akeys =?new System.Collections.ArrayList(ht.Keys); //from Hashtable
??? akeys.Sort(); //Sort by leading letter
??? foreach (string skey in akeys)
??? {
??????? Console.Write(skey +?":");
??????? Console.WriteLine(ht[skey]);
??? }
?
HashTable與線程安全:
為了保證在多線程的情況下的線程同步訪問安全,微軟提供了自動線程同步的HashTable:
如果 HashTable要允許并發讀但只能一個線程寫, 要這么創建 HashTable實例:
??? //Thread safe HashTable
??? System.Collections.Hashtable htSyn = System.Collections.Hashtable.Synchronized(new System.Collections.Hashtable());
這樣, 如果有多個線程并發的企圖寫HashTable里面的 item, 則同一時刻只能有一個線程寫, 其余阻塞; 對讀的線程則不受影響。
?
另外一種方法就是使用lock語句,但要lock的不是HashTable,而是其SyncRoot;雖然不推薦這種方法,但效果一樣的,因為源代碼就是這樣實現的:
//Thread safe private static System.Collections.Hashtable htCache = new System.Collections.Hashtable (); ? public static void AccessCache () { lock ( htCache.SyncRoot ) { htCache.Add ( "key", "value" ); ? //Be careful: don't use foreach to operation on the whole collection //Otherwise the collection won't be locked correctly even though indicated locked //--by MSDN } } ? ? //Is equivalent to 等同于 (lock is equivalent to Monitor.Enter and Exit() public static void AccessCache () { System.Threading.Monitor.Enter ( htCache.SyncRoot ); ? try { /* critical section */ htCache.Add ( "key", "value" ); ? //Be careful: don't use foreach to operation on the whole collection //Otherwise the collection won't be locked correctly even though indicated locked //--by MSDN } finally { System.Threading.Monitor.Exit ( htCache.SyncRoot ); } }轉載于:https://www.cnblogs.com/Mainz/archive/2008/04/06/CSharp_HashTable_Dictionary_ArrayList_Threadsafe.html
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