快遞包裹自動化分揀系統

包裹識別碼的類型 (Types of Parcel identifiers)

There are several classes or parcel identification systems. They fall into four basic types; (1) Geographic, (2) Map-Block Based, (3) Intelligent Key, and (4) Non-Intelligent Key. These approaches have all been implemented across the country and have distinct advantages and disadvantages.

有幾種類別或包裹識別系統。 它們分為四種基本類型。 (1)地理，(2)基于地圖塊的，(3)智能鑰匙和(4)非智能鑰匙。 這些方法已在全國范圍內實施，并具有明顯的優缺點。

Geographic

地域

A geographic key is a special category of location-based intelligent key. Typically, it is the coordinate value of a point within the parcel (e.g. the centroid). The value is typically based on the projection used for parcel mapping or is converted to a non-projected coordinate system such as latitude/longitude. Automated routines can be developed to generate the parcel ID point, ensure that the point is located within the parcel polygon, and harvest the coordinate values for the PIN.

地理密鑰是基于位置的智能密鑰的特殊類別。 通常，它是地塊內某個點(例如質心)的坐標值。 該值通常基于用于宗地映射的投影，或轉換為非投影坐標系，例如緯度/經度。 可以開發自動例程來生成宗地ID點，確保該點位于宗地多邊形內，并收集PIN的坐標值。

Another version of the geographic coordinate is the US National Grid (USNG) number. The USNG Standard has been adopted by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) and provides a system to label points uniquely to one-meter accuracy. There may be some parcels that are smaller than one meter by one meter, but these would be a limited set and could be handled by an exception rule. The parcel identifier based on the USNG would provide a nationally unique index value and an approximate location.[1]

地理坐標的另一個版本是美國國家網格(USNG)號。 USNG標準已被聯邦地理數據委員會(FGDC)采用，并提供了一種以一米的精度唯一標記點的系統。 可能會有一些小于一米乘一米的包裹，但是這些包裹是有限的，并且可以由例外規則處理。 基于USNG的包裹標識符將提供全國唯一的索引值和近似位置。 [1]

Another variation of geographic based parcel identifier is to interleaved values (e.g. NNNEEENNEENE). These values cannot be used directly for a location but may be useful to create a unique identifier.

基于地理的包裹標識符的另一個變體是交錯值(例如NNNEEENNEENE)。 這些值不能直接用于位置，但是對于創建唯一標識符可能很有用。

Advantages: The geographic PIN is located inside the parcel polygon and can be used as point representation of the parcel data. The coordinate value can be generated from the parcel geometry. General location and adjacency can then be derived from the coordinate values.

優點：地理PIN位于宗地多邊形內部，可以用作宗地數據的點表示。 坐標值可以從宗地幾何圖形生成。 然后可以從坐標值中得出一般位置和鄰接關系。

Disadvantages: Generation of a geographic key requires that all parcels be mapped. Certain parcel configurations or generation scenarios (e.g. parcel combines, parcel splits) can create situations where the parcel identification uniqueness is difficult to guarantee if strict adherence to the generation scheme is observed. The length of the parcel identification will also vary in situations where additional identifying information needs to be incorporated (e.g. elevation, floor). In these situations, involving vertical parcels, the coordinate system-based identifiers often begin to break down. This is caused by the stacking of points or the necessity to incorporate an elevation value, resulting in a three-dimensional key. This approach is also sensitive to the map projection and the datum used and requires a GIS-based foundation to drive the assignment of the key. Non-convex parcel geometries can result in centroids that lie outside of the boundaries of the parcel. These situations must be resolved using alternate methods of centroid calculation.

缺點：生成地理密鑰需要映射所有宗地。 某些宗地配置或生成方案(例如，宗地合并，宗地分割)可能會導致以下情況：如果嚴格遵守生成方案，則很難保證宗地標識的唯一性。 在需要合并其他標識信息(例如高程，地面)的情況下，包裹標識的長度也會有所不同。 在這些情況下，涉及垂直宗地，基于坐標系的標識符通常會開始崩潰。 這是由于點的堆積或合并高程值的必要性所致，從而產生了三維鍵。 這種方法對地圖投影和使用的基準也很敏感，并且需要基于GIS的基礎來驅動鍵的分配。 非凸的宗地幾何形狀可能導致形心位于宗地邊界之外。 必須使用質心計算的替代方法解決這些情況。

Existing Systems: Statewide geographic PINs have been implemented in North Carolina and Massachusetts.

現有系統：已在北卡羅萊納州和馬薩諸塞州實施了州級地理PIN。

Block Based

基于塊

The block-based parcel identification is sometimes referred to as the Sidwell or tax lot approach. In a block-based system, the jurisdiction is divided into blocks or map sheets and each block is assigned a unique identifier. Lots or tax parcels within each block are then assigned a unique number. In some systems, subsequent splits and combinations are identified using suffixes. These systems are easily recognized as they often have hyphens separating the components and are most commonly used in urban settings or in jurisdictions that have historically used a map/sheet-based system.

基于塊的包裹識別有時也稱為Sidwell或稅收批次方法。 在基于塊的系統中，權限被劃分為塊或地圖，并且為每個塊分配一個唯一的標識符。 然后，為每個街區中的地塊或稅區分配一個唯一的編號。 在某些系統中，使用后綴標識后續的拆分和組合。 這些系統很容易識別，因為它們通常使用連字符來分隔各個組成部分，并且最常用于城市環境或歷史上使用基于地圖/工作表的系統的轄區。

Advantages: The general location of the parcel is easily discerned from the block number as users become familiar with the numbering system and the hyphenation makes the parcel identification values more human-readable. The number can be used without hyphenation, no hyphens making it more “machine ready”. Value-based sorting arranges parcels into blocks groups.

優點：當用戶熟悉編號系統時，可以很容易地從塊編號中區分出包裹的一般位置，并且連字符使包裹標識值更易于閱讀。 該數字可以不帶連字符使用，沒有連字符可以使其更“適合機器使用”。 基于值的排序將包裹分為塊組。

Disadvantages: Block reconfiguration requires the creation and assignment of new block codes. If there are parcels between blocks, the system requires standardized rules for assigning a single block code to those parcels. This approach is not ideal for large land areas without clear urban block divisions and as implementation would require an indexing or tiling scheme. It is also possible to reach the limitation on unit numbering within a block, though this is rare in properly designed systems.

缺點：塊重新配置需要創建和分配新的塊代碼。 如果塊之間有包裹，則系統需要使用標準化規則為這些包裹分配單個塊代碼。 對于沒有清晰的城市街區劃分的大片土地，這種方法并不理想，因為要實施該方法將需要索引或切片方案。 盡管在正確設計的系統中這種情況很少見，但也有可能達到塊內單元編號的限制。

Existing Systems: New York and Chicago use a modified block-based system.

現有系統：紐約和芝加哥使用經過修改的基于塊的系統。

Intelligent Key

智能鑰匙

An intelligent key is a synthetic value generated from selected information. In the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) states, the location within the PLSS Section or quarter section is often used as a base for the intelligent key. Other commonly used values are the parcel location within a block, the tax use classification, exempt status, and unit number. Intelligent keys are common and attempt to convey human-readable information about the property through the key itself.

智能密鑰是根據所選信息生成的綜合值。 在公共土地測量系統(PLSS)狀態中，PLSS部分或四分之一部分內的位置通常用作智能鑰匙的基礎。 其他常用的值是塊中的包裹位置，稅收用途分類，免稅狀態和單位編號。 智能密鑰很常見，并試圖通過密鑰本身傳達有關該屬性的人類可讀信息。

Advantages: This is the most user-friendly option for parcel identification. An intelligent key can be derived from any number of existing geographic characteristics (e.g. municipality, council district, land use, tax category, location, address) and assignment can be based on these characteristics, eliminating the requirement of pre-assignment parcel mapping.

優點：這是用于包裹識別的最用戶友好的選項。 智能鑰匙可以從任何數量的現有地理特征(例如，市政當局，議會區域，土地使用，稅收類別，位置，地址)中得出，并且可以基于這些特征進行分配，從而消除了預先分配宗地地圖的需求。

Disadvantages: This approach can result in transient keys; keys that must be re-derived or re-assigned if any of the constituent values change. Improper maintenance of the keys across formerly interoperable systems can lead to issues with referential integrity; if a key change is not propagated to the systems and services relying on it, it can cause workflow disruption. The nature of the intelligent key approach means that any changes other than the creation of a new parcel could cause an update trigger. Standardized rules and workflows must be developed alongside the intelligent key system to address these changes.

缺點：這種方法可能會導致瞬態密鑰。 如果任何組成值發生更改，則必須重新派生或重新分配鍵。 在以前可互操作的系統中，密鑰維護不當會導致引用完整性問題。 如果密鑰更改沒有傳播到依賴它的系統和服務，則可能導致工作流中斷。 智能密鑰方法的性質意味著除創建新宗地以外的任何其他更改都可能導致更新觸發。 必須與智能鑰匙系統一起制定標準化的規則和工作流程，以應對這些變化。

Existing Systems: Many PLSS states use an intelligent key. Many jurisdictions that had intelligent keys are migrating away from these systems.

現有系統：許多PLSS狀態都使用智能密鑰。 許多擁有智能鑰匙的司法管轄區正在從這些系統遷移。

非智能順序 (Non-Intelligent Sequential)

The non-intelligent sequential number is generated algorithmically and assigned to a record by a database management system (DBMS). It conveys no information about the parcel and contains no intelligence. Numbers can be assigned to any unit of land identified as a parcel. Because the value is assigned by the DBMS, no user intervention or input is required. This can facilitate synchronous electronic workflows supporting large numbers of users and large flows of data such as eRecording or electronic document management solutions.

非智能序列號是通過算法生成的，并由數據庫管理系統(DBMS)分配給記錄。 它不傳達有關包裹的信息，也不包含情報。 編號可以分配給標識為地塊的任何土地單位。 因為該值是由DBMS分配的，所以不需要用戶干預或輸入。 這可以促進支持大量用戶和大量數據流的同步電子工作流，例如電子記錄或電子文檔管理解決方案。

Advantages: This approach offers the greatest automation potential as there is no need to map the parcel prior to assigning the pin. This approach provides machine-readable values that are independent of the DBMS or mapping system used. It can be adapted to changing generation criteria, such as the addition of non-taxable or unmapped parcels. This approach is easy to implement and maintain.

優點：這種方法具有最大的自動化潛力，因為在分配銷釘之前無需映射包裹。 這種方法提供了與所使用的DBMS或映射系統無關的機器可讀值。 它可以適應不斷變化的生成標準，例如添加不征稅或未映射的包裹。 這種方法易于實施和維護。

Disadvantages: This is the least human-readable/user-friendly approach. The generated values contain no derivable information; the adjacency or similarity of values does not convey information about the geographic location of the parcels, parcel history, or other characteristics.

缺點：這是最不易被人理解/用戶友好的方法。 生成的值不包含任何派生信息。 值的相鄰性或相似性不會傳達有關包裹的地理位置，包裹歷史或其他特征的信息。

Existing Systems: Two of the largest jurisdictions using this system are Atlanta and Houston. Most jurisdictions that drive the parcel number from the CAMA system or from the document reference use a sequentially assigned non-intelligent number and carry a non-intelligent number even if the jurisdiction assigns an alternate identifier.

現有系統：使用此系統的兩個最大司法管轄區是亞特蘭大和休斯頓。 從CAMA系統或文檔參考驅動包裹編號的大多數轄區都使用順序分配的非智能編號，并攜帶非智能編號，即使該轄區分配了備用標識符也是如此。

There are parcel identification creation and data maintenance issues with each approach. The following sections describe some of the underlying technical and use considerations for any parcel identification system.

每種方法都存在包裹識別創建和數據維護問題。 以下各節描述了任何包裹識別系統的一些基本技術和使用注意事項。

[1] http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/usng.html

[1] http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/usng.html

翻譯自: https://medium.com/parcels-and-land-records/types-of-parcel-identifier-systems-4d458bce7581

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