測控專業英語復習資料

• 短語互譯
• • 第一次
  • 第二次
  • 第三次
  • 第四次
• 長句翻譯
• • 第一次
  • 第二次
  • 第三次
  • 第四次
• 論文摘要翻譯
• • 第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications
  • 第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid
  • 第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search

短語互譯

第一次

原文翻譯

sensor characteristics	傳感器特性
electrical supply	供電
signal conditioning unit	信號調節單元
accuracy rating	精度等級
溫度計	thermometer
速度計	speedometer
dead-band characteristics	死區特性
static friction	靜摩擦
full operating range of the device	設備的全工作范圍
ambient temperature	環境溫度
aging effect(s)	老化效應
mechanical wear	機械磨損
self-heating	自熱效應
bridge-circuit	電橋電路
the smallest detectable change	最小的可檢測變化
contact friction	接觸摩擦
mechanical strain	機械應變
resistance temperature detector	電阻溫度檢測器
power dissipation	功率損耗
lead impedance	引線阻抗

第二次

原文翻譯

the rated voltage and current	額定電壓和電流
gear drive	齒輪傳動
micro-actuator	微執行器
a binary actuator	二元執行器
stable-state output	穩態輸出
stepper motor	步進電機
small incremental motion	小增量運動
on-off type control action	開關型控制動作
a low energy level command signal	低能級指令信號
actuator load	執行器負載
thousands of horsepower motor	千馬力電機
motor shaft	電機軸
synchronous motor	同步電動機
three-phase induction motor	三相感應電動機
large-horsepower application	大馬力應用
two-phase motor	兩相電動機
solid-state drive	固態硬盤
unipolar stepper motor	單極步進電機
bottom stator pole	定子底極
a permanent magnet with six poles	六極永磁體
counterclockwise direction	逆時針方向
a soft iron core	柔軟的鐵心
directional control valve	方向控制閥
hydraulic or pneumatic actuator	液壓或氣動執行機構
analog to digital converter	模數轉換器
transfer function	傳遞函數
discrete output states	離散輸出狀態
a sample-and-hold circuit	采樣保持電路
high-input impedance	高輸入阻抗
the highest frequency component	最高頻率分量
propagation delay	傳播延遲
least significant bit	最低有效位

第三次

原文翻譯

virtual instrument	虛擬儀器
computational size, cost	計算量，成本
bulk storage	大容量存儲
off-line instrument	離線儀表
data processing	數據處理
custom developed	定制開發
with the advent of microelectronics	隨著微電子技術的出現
realtime application	實時應用
special/general-purpose computer	專用/通用計算機
a considerable breadth of measurement and control	相當廣泛的測量和控制
industrial field	工業領域
high-speed application	高速應用
user-interface operations	用戶界面操作
windows-type software	窗口類型軟件
complex manipulations along with memory, look-up tables, and intelligent displays and controls	復雜的操作以及內存、查找表、智能顯示和控件
large memory capacity	大存儲容量
a conditioning circuit	調節電路
local area network	局域網
remote radio communication protocol	遠程無線電通信協議
interconnection buses	互連總線
application software	應用程序軟件
General-purpose Interface Bus	通用接口總線
Industry Standard Architecture Bus	行業標準架構總線
addressing width of a processor	處理器的尋址寬度
one-byte wide	一字節寬
a full 16-bit data bus	完整的16位數據總線
two-clock-cycle	兩個時鐘周期
direct memory access	直接內存訪問
Plug and play	即插即用
micro-channel architecture	微通道架構
serial communication peripherals	串行通訊外設
novice users	新手用戶
high-speed peer to peer communication	高速對等通信

第四次

原文翻譯

yaw damper system	偏航阻尼系統
autopilot	自動駕駛
trail-and-error	試錯法
dynamic analysis	動態分析
control system design	控制系統設計
classical control theory	經典控制理論
high-speed digital computers	高速數字計算機
state variables	狀態變量
open-loop control systems	開環控制系統
a negative feedback system	負面反饋系統
differential equation	微分方程
difference equation	差分方程
time interval	時間間隔
a sampled-data system	采樣數據系統
nonlinear system	非線性系統
time-invariant system	時不變系統
stationary/nonstationary system	平穩/非平穩系統
time-dependent	時間相關的
lumped parameter system	集總參數系統
distributed parameter system	分布參數系統
ordinary/partial differential equation	常/偏微分方程
deterministic/stochastic system	確定性/隨機系統
multi-variable system	多變量系統
single-input single-output system	單輸入單輸出系統
performance criteria and indices	績效標準和指標
transient response	瞬態響應
steady-state value of the output	輸出的穩態值
nonzero initial conditions	非零初始條件
complex variable in the Laplace domain	Laplace域中的復變量
linearity and superposition theorems	線性和疊加定理
shifting theorem	移位定理
piecewise continuous inputs	分段連續輸入
analytic function	分析函數
homogeneous/particular solution	均勻/特殊溶液
unilateral Fourier integral	單邊傅里葉積分
DC-motor drive	直流電動機驅動
zero internal impedance	零內部阻抗
dc voltage source	直流電壓源
Pulse-Width Modulation	脈沖寬度調制
switch duty ratio	開關占空比
a resistive load	電阻負載
uninterruptible AC power supplies	不間斷交流電源
two-quadrant converter	二象限轉換器
voltage/current source inverters	電壓/電流源逆變器
square-wave inverter	方波逆變器
voltage cancellation	電壓抵消
switch-mode converter	開關模式轉換器
linear vector space	線性向量空間
power transistor	功率晶體管
very large scale integrated circuits	超大規模集成電路

長句翻譯

第一次

第一次

The major reason for the availability of such equipment has been the development of computers and microprocessors which are used as sophisticated, flexible and yet low cost controllers.

這種設備的可用性的主要原因是計算機和微處理器的發展，它們被用作精密、靈活且低成本的控制器。

However, the operation of such systems would be very poor, if possible at all, if the computer’s decision making programs were not being supplied with suitable, up to date, quality information about the state of the external system.

但是，如果沒有為計算機的決策程序提供有關外部系統狀態的適當的最新質量信息，那么，如果可能的話，此類系統的操作將非常糟糕。

Electrical noise (i.e. unwanted signals) may be generated by variation in contact resistance, by mechanical wear due to contact fiction, and by contact vibration transmitted from the sensing element.

電噪聲（即不需要的信號）可能由接觸電阻的變化、接觸摩擦引起的機械磨損和傳感元件傳輸的接觸振動產生。

When a specification refers to a dead-zone or dead-band, it is referring to the largest change in the quantity to be measured to which the output does not change, or the change of input to which there is no output.

當一個規范是指一個死區或死區時，它指的是待測量中輸出不變的最大變化，或是沒有輸出的輸入變化。

This means that if we take a temperature measurement with the thermometer and find it to be ±20.1°C, then the actual temperature lies somewhere between 15.9°C and 20.3°C.

這意味著，如果我們用溫度計測量溫度，發現溫度為±20.1°C，那么實際溫度介于15.9°C和20.3°C之間。

第二次

第二次

Actuators are basically the muscle behind a mechatronics system that accepts a control command (mostly in the form of an electrical signal) and produces a change in the physical system by generating force, motion, heat, flow, etc.

執行器基本上是機電一體化系統背后的肌肉，該機電一體化系統接受控制命令（主要是電信號的形式），并通過產生力，運動，熱量，流量等在物理系統中產生變化。

The stepper motor is a discrete (incremental) positioning device that moves one step at a time for each pulse command input. Since they accept direct digital commands and produce a mechanical motion, the stepper motors are used widely in industrial control applications.

步進電機是一種離散（增量）定位裝置，每次為每個脈沖指令輸入移動一步。由于步進電機接受直接的數字指令并產生機械運動，因此在工業控制應用中得到了廣泛的應用。

Normally, due to the spring force, the soft iron core is pushed to the extreme left position; when the solenoid is excited, the soft iron core will move to the right extreme position thus providing the electromagnetic actuation.

正常情況下，由于彈簧力的作用，軟鐵心被推到最左邊的位置；當電磁閥被激發時，軟鐵心會移動到最右邊的位置，從而提供電磁驅動。

A/D conversion is essentially a quantizing process, whereby an analog signal is represented by discrete states.

A / D轉換本質上是量化過程，通過這個過程將模擬信號用離散狀態表示。

An A/D converter requires a certain amount of time, called conversion time, to change an analog signal into the corresponding digital signal. If the analog signal changes during the conversion time, the converter output may be in error. To prevent this, a sample-and-hold circuit is used to sense the analog signal at the start of conversion, and store it on a capacitor during the remaining conversion time.

A/D轉換器需要一定的時間（稱為轉換時間）將模擬信號轉換成相應的數字信號。如果在轉換期間模擬信號發生變化，則轉換器輸出可能出錯。為了防止這種情況，在轉換開始時使用采樣保持電路來檢測模擬信號，并在剩余的轉換時間內將其存儲在電容器上。

第三次

第三次

As a result, rudimental control systems were developed. Relays were attached to the instruments so that processes could respond to parametric changes. Soon, the single relay grew into more than one, allowing for multipoint control. Then, rate detectors were added and finally integrators, creating the PID control system.

因此，開發了基本的控制系統。繼電器連接到儀器上，以便過程能夠對參數變化作出響應。很快，單繼電器發展成多個，允許多點控制。然后加入速率檢測器，最后加入積分器，構成PID控制系統。

It became normal for a measuring instrument to accept a signal; condition the input by linearizing, shaping, band limiting, etc.; and then digitize the result. The digital output was manipulated in a special, onboard processor in order to provide control or analytical decisions.

測量儀器接收信號變得正常；通過線性化、整形、頻帶限制等調節輸入；然后將結果數字化。數字輸出在一個特殊的機載處理器中進行操作，以提供控制或分析決策。

At the same time, the sphere of measurement and control systems expanded from merely measuring electrical and electronics parameters to encompassing all ancillary technologies including the mechanical, chemical, civil, and medical fields.

同時，測量和控制系統的范圍從僅僅測量電氣和電子參數擴展到包括機械、化學、民用和醫療領域在內的所有輔助技術。

The speed and capability of general-purpose computers advanced exponentially. It soon became possible to adapt standard, high-speed computers to the online applications required in real time measurement and control.

通用計算機的速度和功能呈指數級增長。 很快就可以使標準的高速計算機適應實時測量和控制所需的在線應用程序。

With the addition of computers and computational capability, the cost of the instruments increased, How do we improve performance without adding cost?

隨著計算機和計算能力的增加，儀器的成本增加，如何在不增加成本的情況下提高性能？

Consider what a virtual instrument and control system might contain. For a measurement instrument, there must be a sensor. If the parameter being measured is not electrical, this must incorporate a transducer to change the information to an electrical signal.

考慮一下虛擬儀器和控制系統可能包含的內容。 對于測量儀器，必須有一個傳感器。 如果要測量的參數不是電氣參數，則必須包含一個傳感器才能將信息更改為電氣信號。

第四次

第四次

Control systems designed by humans are used to extend their physical capabilities, to compensate for their physical limitations, to relieve them of routine or tedious tasks, or to save money.

由人類設計的控制系統被用來擴展他們的物理能力，補償他們的物理限制，減輕他們的日?；蚍ξ兜娜蝿?#xff0c;或是節省資金。

Freed of this routine task, the pilot can perform other tasks, such as navigation and/or communications, thus reducing the number of crew required and consequently the operating cost of the aircraft.

擺脫了這一例行任務，飛行員可以執行其他任務，如導航和/或通信，從而減少所需的機組人員數量，從而降低飛機的運行成本。

The definition of the transfer function requires the system to be linear and stationary, with continuous variables and with zero initial conditions. The transfer function is most useful when the system is also lumped parameter and when transport lags are absent or neglected.

傳遞函數的定義要求系統是線性和平穩的，具有連續變量且初始條件為零。 當系統也是集總參數且缺少或忽略運輸滯后時，傳遞函數最有用。

One of the methods for controlling the output voltage employs switching at a constant frequency (hence, a constant switching time period TS=ton+toff), and adjusting the on-duration of the switch to control the average output voltage.

控制輸出電壓的方法之一是以恒定頻率（因此，恒定的開關時間周期ts＝ton+toff）進行切換，并調整開關的接通持續時間以控制平均輸出電壓。

In transfer function models these equations are transformed and variables are eliminated between them to find the relation between selected input and output variables.

在傳遞函數模型中，對這些方程式進行了轉換，并消除了它們之間的變量，以找到所選輸入變量和輸出變量之間的關系。

論文摘要翻譯

第一篇: Observations of offshore wind characteristics by Doppler-LiDAR for wind energy applications

原文譯文

The interest of investigating offshore wind characteristics is receiving growing attention worldwide, which mainly attempts to boost the development of offshore wind energy and accelerate sustainable development. In particular, the understanding of offshore wind characteristics at the hub heights of wind turbines is of great significance in regard to the assessment of economic feasibility and structural design of wind turbines. Since traditional meteorological masts have limitations in height due to economic and technical considerations, remote sensing techniques have increasingly been employed for offshore wind observations.	海上風電特性的研究在世界范圍內受到越來越多的關注，其主要目的是促進海上風能的開發和促進可持續發展。特別是了解風電機組樞紐高度處的海上風特性，對于評估風電機組的經濟可行性和結構設計具有重要意義。由于傳統的氣象桅桿由于經濟和技術上的考慮，高度受到限制，遙感技術越來越多地應用于海上風場觀測。
This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of offshore wind characteristics on the basis of measurements from a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system at an offshore site in Hong Kong. The fidelity of the wind LiDAR measurements was firstly examined by comparing with those obtained from anemometers on a nearby meteorological mast. Statistical analysis of wind speed was performed by means of the Weibull distribution function, and the results were subsequently used to facilitate the determination of several characteristic parameters associated with wind energy applications. The vertical profiles of wind speed derived from the LiDAR system were compared with existing models. Characteristics of wind shear coefficient were examined within different height ranges. Furthermore, the offshore turbulence characteristics were investigated, including the turbulence intensity and gust factor. The outcomes of this study are expected to provide useful information for the development of offshore wind energy.	本文基于香港近海光探測和測距（LIDAR）系統的測量結果，對海上風場特性進行了綜合評價。通過與附近氣象桅桿上風速計的測量結果進行比較，首次檢驗了測風激光雷達測量結果的保真度。利用Weibull分布函數對風速進行統計分析，結果隨后用于確定與風能應用相關的幾個特征參數。從激光雷達系統得到的風速垂直廓線與現有模型進行了比較。研究了不同高度范圍內的風切變系數特征。此外，還研究了近海湍流特性，包括湍流強度和陣風因子。本文的研究成果有望為海上風能的開發提供有益的參考。

第二篇: A survey on consumers empowerment, communication technologies, and renewable generation penetration within Smart Grid

原文譯文

The Smart Grid (SG) is a technological transformation from conventional electric grid, electro-mechanically controlled system, to smart, intelligent, and electronically controlled system called the “Smart Grid” (SG). There are about 20–30% losses present in the conventional electric grid due to substandard operations at generation, transmission and distribution side. The major players in the transformation are: (a) increased electricity cost, (b) aging infrastructure, ? carbon footprint, (d) Green House Gas emissions, (e) climate change, and (f) less efficient electrical network. The promising features of the Smart Grid are: (a) intelligent de-centralized control, (b) resilience, ? flexibility, (d) sustainability, (e) digitalization, (f) intelligence, (g) consumer empowerment, (h) green energy, and (i) smart infrastructure.	智能電網（SG）是從傳統的電力網、機電控制系統向智能化、智能化、電子控制系統（SG）的技術轉型。由于發電、輸電和配電側運行不達標，傳統電網約有20-30%的損耗。轉型的主要參與者是：（a）電力成本增加，（b）基礎設施老化，（c）碳足跡，（d）溫室氣體排放，（e）氣候變化，以及（f）效率較低的電網。智能電網的有前途的特點是：（a）智能去集中式控制，（b）彈性，（c）靈活性，（d）可持續性，（e）數字化，（f）智能，（g）消費者授權，（H）綠色能源，和（I）智能基礎設施。
The fundamental issues and open challenges in the SG are lack of awareness, consumer acceptance, cyber terrorism, data collection management, energy metering, dynamic optimization and energy control. Considering above, in this paper, a comprehensive review exploring information of development, technologies, and techniques in the SG. The main goal is to investigate and reveal the key enabling technologies, to obtain better picture about the current status of SG development. The focus areas of this review study are Architectural Model focusing Consumer Empowerment (CE), Demand Response Program (DRP), and Demand Side Management (DSM). Our survey discusses in detail the Communication Technologies, such as Wireless Advance Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Machine to Machine Communication (M2M). The power systems such as Micro Grid, Nano Grid, Pico Grid, Inter Grid, Virtual Power Plants, and Distributed Generation are also elaborated in this review study. Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) Integration with the SG and Integration issues related to Distributed generation (DG) are presented in this survey. This survey also analyzes Architectural Model of the Smart Grid focusing consumer empowerment and prosumers interaction. The aim of this study is to provide deep understanding of technologies and their applications in the SG.	SG存在的根本問題和面臨的挑戰是缺乏認識、消費者接受度、網絡恐怖主義、數據收集管理、能源計量、動態優化和能源控制。綜上所述，本文對蒸汽發生器的發展、技術和技術進行了全面的綜述。主要目的是研究和揭示關鍵的使能技術，更好地了解SG的發展現狀。本綜述研究的重點領域是關注消費者授權（CE）、需求響應計劃（DRP）和需求側管理（DSM）的架構模型。我們的調查詳細討論了通信技術，如無線預計量基礎設施（AMI）、相量測量單元（PMU）、監控與數據采集（SCADA）和機對機通信（M2M）。對微電網、納米電網、微微電網、互聯電網、虛擬電廠、分布式發電等電力系統進行了綜述。本文介紹了可再生能源（RERs）與SG的集成以及與分布式發電（DG）相關的集成問題。本次調查還分析了以消費者授權和消費者互動為重點的智能電網架構模型。本研究的目的是深入了解技術及其在蒸汽發生器中的應用。

第三篇: Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search

原文譯文

The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence due to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. We introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses value networks to evaluate board positions and policy networks to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte-Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away.

圍棋由于其巨大的搜索空間以及棋盤位置和動作的評估難度，一直被視為人工智能領域最具挑戰性的經典游戲。我們提出了一種新的計算機圍棋方法，它使用價值網絡來評估棋盤位置，使用策略網絡來選擇移動。這些深層神經網絡是由一種新的組合訓練的監督學習從人類專家游戲，并加強學習從游戲的自我發揮。在沒有任何前瞻性搜索的情況下，神經網絡發揮了最先進的蒙特卡羅樹搜索程序的水平，模擬數千個隨機游戲的自我發揮。我們還介紹了一種新的搜索算法，將蒙特卡羅模擬與價值和策略網絡相結合。使用這種搜索算法，我們的程序AlphaGo在與其他圍棋程序的比賽中獲得了99.8%的獲勝率，并以5比0擊敗了歐洲圍棋冠軍。這是計算機程序第一次在全尺寸圍棋游戲中擊敗人類專業玩家，這一壯舉此前被認為至少還有十年的時間。

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