storage over a channel (such as a coaxial cable). The message is interpreted, and the processor initiates action to retrieve the appropriate program and data from secondary storage [3].The program and data are “loaded”, or moves, to primary storage from secondary storage. This is a nondestructive read process. That is, the program and data that are read reside in both primary storage (temporarily) and secondary storage (permanently). The data are manipulated according to program instructions, and a report is written from primary storage to a printer.

圖 1-1描述了輸入/輸出設備與主存儲器間的讀和寫過程。在圖中，VDT發出一個輸入請求，請求是以消息模式通過通道(如同軸電纜)發送到主存儲器。這個查詢被解釋，處理器發起操作從輔助存儲器中調用合適的程序和數據。程序和數據從輔助存儲器傳送到主存儲器中，這是一個非破壞性的讀取過程，也就是說，程序和數據同時存在于主存(臨時保存)和輔助存儲器(永久保存)中。根據程序指令的指示，處理器對數據進行操作，并從主存傳送一份報告到打印機。

A program instruction or a piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an address. Addresses permit program instructions and data to be located, accessed, and processed. The content of each address is constantly changing as different programs are executed and new data are processed.

程序指令和數據是存儲在主存中一個特殊的位置，稱為地址空間。通過地址空間可以實現計算機對程序指令和數據的定位、訪問和處理。地址空間的內容是經常變化的，這是由于計算機一直在執行不同的程序和數據。

Another name for primary storage is random-access memory, or RAM. A special type of primary storage, called read-only memory (ROM), cannot be altered by the programmer. The contents of ROM are “hard-wired” (designed into the logic of the memory chip) by the manufacturer and can be “read only”. When you turn on a microcomputer system, a program in ROM automatically readies the computer system for use. Then the ROM program produces the initial display screen prompt.

主存儲器也稱為隨機存取存儲器，或RAM。還有一種特殊的主存儲器，稱為只讀存儲器(ROM)，這種存儲器不能被程序更改存放的內容。ROM的內容是被生產商通過硬件電路寫入的，并且不能被重寫。當你啟動計算機，ROM中的一個程序會自動就緒等待計算機系統的調用，然后在顯示器中顯示開機提示。

A variation of ROM is programmable read-only memory (PROM). PROM is ROM into which you, the user, can load “read-only” programs and data. Once a program is loaded to PROM, it is seldom, if ever, changed [4]. However, if you need to be able to revise the contents of PROM, there is EPROM, erasable PROM. Before a write operation, all the storage cells must be erased to the same initial state.

可編程只讀存儲器(PROM)是另一種ROM，它可以載入只讀的程序和數據，一旦載入，將不再改變。然而，若果你需要去修正PROM的內容，可以使用可擦可編程只讀存儲器。 EPROM在進行一次寫操作之前，所有的存儲單元必須被還原為同一初始狀態。

A more attractive form of read-mostly memory is electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM). It can be written into at any time without erasing prior contents; only the byte or bytes addressed are updated.

一種更吸引人的可改寫只讀存儲器是電可擦除可編程只讀存儲器 (EEPROM)。它可以在任何時候寫入，而且不會擦除以前的內容；只會更新被尋址的字節。

The EEPROM combines the advantage of nonvolatility with the flexibility of being updatable in place [6], using ordinary bus control, address, and data lines.

電可擦可編程存儲器把非易失性優點和可更新、需要更新的地方的靈活性結合起來，修改時使用普通的總線控制線、地址線和數據線。

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