初中英语语法(016)-被动语态
被動語態
被動語態(passive voice)是動詞的一種形式,用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關系。英語的語態共有兩種:主動語態和被動語態。主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態是動詞的一種特殊形式,一般來說,只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態。漢語往往用"被"、“受”、"給"等被動詞來表示被動意義。被動語態由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。被動語態的時態變化只改變be的形式,過去分詞部分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。
例如:Tom repairs bikes. - Tom修理單車。(這句話是主動語態)
被動語態為:Bikes are repaired by Tom. - 單車被Tom修理。
被動語態強調的是動作的承受著,而動作的發起者有時可以省略。
1、主動和被動的轉換
(1)主動:He praised me. - 他夸獎了我。
被動:I was praised by him. - 我被夸獎了。
一般來說只有及物動詞才有被動語態,但有時候一部分不及物動詞+介詞也可以作為及物動詞使用,所以也有被動語態。
例如:
(2)Something happened to me. - 一些事發生在了我身上。
注:happen是不及物動詞,沒有被動語態,中文里也沒有“我被一些事發生了”這樣的句式。
(3)I listen to music. - 我聽音樂。
被動語態為:The musics are listened to by me. - 音樂被我聽。
(4)He takes care of the newcomer to the club. - 他照顧來到俱樂部到新成員。
被動語態為:The new comer to the club is taken care of my him. - 來俱樂部的新成員由他來照顧。
注:例(3)(4)都是不及物動詞+及物動詞的被動語態。
2、被動語態的時態
被動語態也要區分時態。
1、現在時的被動語態
am/is/are+被動語態
(1)Betty keeps five newborn cats at home. - Betty在家里養了五只新生小貓。
被動語態為:
Five newborn cats are kept by Betty at home. - 五只新生小貓被Betty養在家里
2、過去時的被動語態
(1)They sold many kinds of child seats at the shop. - 在這家商店里,他們賣很多種類的兒童座椅。
Many kinds of child seats were sold (by them) at the shop. - 這家店買很多種類的兒童座椅。(動作的發起者在一些語境中會省略)
(2)The police ran after the thief in the street. - 警察在街上追捕小偷。
The thief was run after by the police in the street. - 小偷在街上被警察追捕。
3、現在進行時的被動語態
am / are / is + being +過去分詞
(1)Workers are building the new shopping center. - 工人們正在建這個新的購物中心。
The new shopping center is being building by workers.
4、過去進行時的被動語態
(1)Mr Smith was printing the exam papers. - 史密斯先生正在印試卷。
The exam papers are being printed by Mr Smith.
5、未來時的被動語態
Will + be +過去分詞
am/is/are + going to be + 過去分詞
(1)They will hold the school sports in October. - 他們會在十月份舉辦校運動會。
The school sports will be held (by they) in October.
(2)Our class are going to discuss the problem. - 我們班級正要討論這個問題。
The problem is going to be discussed by our class.
6、其它助動詞/情態動詞的被動語態
和將來時的被動語態結構相似,即助動詞/情態動詞+be+過去分詞
(1)Every one of us should follow school rules. - 我們每個人都應該遵守校規。
School rules should be followed by every one of us.
注:everyone只能指人,every one of …可以指人可以指物,取決于of后面接的是人還是物。例如:every one of this books…就指物,意為(這些書中的)每一本書。
7、現在完成時的被動語態
現在完成時的結構為:have/has + 過去分詞,其被動語態為:have/has + been + 過去分詞
(1)The teacher has already punished the naughty boy. - 這個老師已經懲罰了這個頑皮的男孩。
The naughty boy has been already punished by the teacher.
3、被動語態的否定句/疑問句
1、一般疑問句
(1)Did Judy mess up my room? - Judy弄亂了我的房間嗎?
轉換為被動語態的肯定句為:
My room was messed up by Judy. - 我的房間被Judy弄亂了
轉換為被動語態的一般疑問句:
Was my room messed up by Judy?-我的房間被Judy弄亂了嗎?
(2)Must I take the cold medicine three times a day? - 這個感冒藥我必須每天吃三次嗎?
Must the cold medicine be taken by me three times a day?
2、特殊疑問句
(1)What did he catch? - 他抓到了什么?
What was catched by him? - 什么東西被他抓到了?
注:疑問詞what有名詞屬性,所以在這里可以當主語,回答可以是:The lion was. - 是獅子。
(2)When did the boy break the window? - 他什么時候打破了窗戶?
When was the window broken by the boy?
(3)—What language is spoken in Spain. - 西班牙說什么語言?
—Spanish is. - 西班牙語。
(4)Who bought the sweater? - 誰買了這件毛衣?
這句話先轉換為被動語態的肯定句:
The sweater was bought by him. - 這件毛衣被他買來。
如何對him提問呢?
Who was the sweater bought by? - 這件毛衣是誰買的呢?
3、否定句
(1)They don’t collect recyclable paper every day. - 他們并不每天都回收可回收紙張。
Recyclable paper isn’t collected (by them) every day.
(2)We can’t see a full moon tonight. - 我們看不到滿月。
A full moon can’t be seen.
4、特別注意的被動語態
1、動作的發起者并不重要,或者不知道是誰時,通常用被動態且省略by+
(1)Rice is grown in Taiwan. - 臺灣種稻米。
(2)My uncle was killed in the war. - 我的叔叔死在戰爭里。
(3)The novel was translated into many languages. - 這本小說被翻譯成很多語言。
2、也有一些句子,不省略動作的發起者,但是也不用b。
例如:
(1)Mr Jackson is know to people in this town. - 杰克森先生在這個小鎮上為人所知。
(2)China is know for its good food. - 中國以美食聞名。be know for = be famous for,以…而出名
(3)She is know as a successful singer. - 她作為一個成功的歌唱家很出名。be know as : 作為…很出名。
(4)Those mountains are covered with snow. - 那些山被白雪覆蓋。be covered with: 被…覆蓋
(5)They are caught in a shower during the barbecue. - 他們烤肉的時候被突如其來的雨淋了。
(6)Shoes are made of leather. - 鞋子由皮革做成。
(7)Bread is made from flour. - 面包由面粉做成。
注:例(6)(7)的區別在于,(6)中皮革變成皮鞋沒有質的變化,而面粉變成面包發生了質變。
3、表示“感情/情緒”的被動語態也不用by。
人+be+:
interested in - 對…感興趣
surprised at - 對…很詫異
astisfied with - 對…很滿意
impressed with/by - 對…印象深刻
pleased with - 因為…很愉快
excited about - 對…很興奮
worried about - 對…很擔心
4、授予動詞的被動語態
授予動詞有兩個賓語,也因此有兩種被動語態。
(1)The embassy gave me a new passport. - 大使館給了我一個新的護照。
I was given a new passport by the embassy. - 我被大使館給了一個新的護照。
A new passport was given to me by the embassy. - 一個新的護照被大使館給了我。
注:授予動詞中,物在人前時介詞不可省略,不論是主動語態還是被動語態。只有to在被動語態中可以省略,在主動語態中不可以,其他介詞則任何語態中都不可以。
(2)Mom cooked us vegetable soup. - 媽媽給我們煮了蔬菜湯。
被動語態只能是:
vegetable soup was cooked for us by Mom.
而不可以是:
We were cooked…
因為這樣看起來像”人被煮“
注:有些授予動詞和cook一樣,其被動語態不可以以人作主語。
5、主謂賓+賓補結構的被動語態
被動結構為:賓語+be+過去分詞+賓補
(1)They painted the board blue. - 他們把木板漆成了藍色。
The board was painted blue by them.
(2)We selected Jack chairman. - 我們選Jake當主席。
Jack was selected chairman by us.
6、祈使句的被動語態
- 原型動詞+賓語
(1)Open the door. - 開門。
Let the door be opened.
- Let + 賓語(人) + 動詞原形 + 賓語(物)
(1)Let me tell the truth. - 讓我說實話吧。
Let the truth be told by me.
7、使役動詞的被動語態
主動——被動:
make/have + 賓語 + do—— make/have + 賓語 + done
let + 賓語 + do —— let + 賓語 + be + done
get + 賓語 + to do——let + 賓語 + done
(1)My mother made / had me run errands for her. - 媽媽讓我給她跑腿。
(2)I had my hair cut yesterday. - 我昨天剪了頭發。
(3)Let it be done at once. - 馬上去做這件事吧。
(4)Mr Lin made me do the work. - 林先生讓我做這個工作。(我做工作,主動)
(5)Mr Lin made the work done by me. - 同上。(工作被我做,被動)
(6)I was made to do the work by Mr Lin. - 我被林先生要求去做這個工作。
8、感官動詞的被動語態
feel, see, watch等 + 賓語 + Ving(表主動) / 過去分詞(表被動)
(1)I saw him beat / beating the little boy. - 我看到他打那個小男孩。
(2)I saw the little boy beaten by him. - 我看到小男孩被他打。
(3)He was seen to beat the little boy by me. - 他打那個小男孩被我看到。(to beat可以換成beating)
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