Woah, Tableau!

哇，Tableau！

By now, almost everyone’s heard of the data visualization software that brought visual analytics to the public. Its intuitive drag and drop interface makes connecting to data, creating graphs, and sharing dashboards easier than ever before.

到目前為止，幾乎所有人都聽說過將可視化分析引入公眾的數據可視化軟件。 其直觀的拖放界面使連接數據，創建圖形和共享儀表板變得前所未有的輕松。

But why should exactly you care about it?

但是，為什么您應該真正關心它呢？

According to Tableau’s website, in 2017 there were over 300,000 people using Tableau Public (the free version of Tableau available for everyone) to create visualizations and share data online.

根據Tableau網站的數據，2017年有超過30萬人使用Tableau Public(適用于所有人的Tableau免費版本)創建可視化效果并在線共享數據。

You can create use Tableau to create “standard” business visualizations, like the sample eCommerce dashboard below.

您可以創建使用Tableau來創建“標準”業務可視化效果，例如下面的示例電子商務面板。

eCommerce Tableau Public Dashboard by Simon Stusak制作的 Simon Stusak電子商務Tableau公共儀表板

You can also bring out your creativity in full force and use Tableau to tell a story. Tableau allows you to bring contextual explanations, easy-to-understand graphs, and visual flair together in one view. One Tableau Public user used it to answer the age-old “Does pineapple belong on pizza?” question, which you can see below.

您還可以充分發揮創造力，并使用Tableau講故事。 通過Tableau，您可以在一個視圖中將上下文說明，易于理解的圖形和視覺風格結合在一起。 一位Tableau Public用戶用它回答了古老的“菠蘿是否屬于比薩餅？” 問題，您可以在下面看到。

Pizza Tableau Public Dashboard by Amy Tran 艾米·特蘭 ( Amy Tran)制作的 披薩Tableau公共儀表盤

In addition to individuals creating visualization on Tableau Public, companies like Chipotle, JPMorgan Chase, and Lufthansa are just a few of the organizations that use Tableau to facilitate data-driven decision making. Tableau helps companies bring data to the hands of all its staff, allowing teams from operations management to finance to track and analyze data. Your company might actually be using Tableau without you knowing it!

除了在Tableau Public上創建可視化的個人之外， Chipotle ， JPMorgan Chase和Lufthansa等公司只是使用Tableau促進數據驅動的決策制定的少數組織。 Tableau幫助公司將數據移交給所有員工，從而使從運營管理到財務的團隊能夠跟蹤和分析數據。 您的公司可能實際上在不知不覺中正在使用Tableau！

Tableau認證快速概述(以及為什么要獲得認證) (A Quick Overview of Tableau’s Certifications (and Why You Should Get One))

Tableau offers two main branches of certification: Desktop and Server. The Server certifications are more applicable for System Administrator related roles, where your focus is on installing, deploying, and maintaining Tableau Server. The Desktop certification route, which is the focus of this piece, is what people working as analysts will find useful.

Tableau提供了兩個主要的認證分支：臺式機和服務器。 服務器認證更適用于與系統管理員相關的角色，您的重點是安裝，部署和維護Tableau Server。 臺式機認證途徑是本文的重點，這是分析師所使用的方法。

There are three Desktop certifications:

共有三種桌面認證：

Tableau Desktop Specialist (suggested 3+ months experience)

Tableau Desktop Specialist (建議3個月以上的經驗)

Tableau Desktop Certified Associate (suggested 5+ months experience)

Tableau Desktop Certified Associate (建議5個月以上的經驗)

Tableau Desktop Certified Professional (suggested 12+ months experience)

Tableau Desktop Certified Professional (建議12個月以上經驗)

I would suggest starting with the Desktop Certified Associate. The Specialist certification measures foundational skills, like creating basic charts and formatting them. While this knowledge is important to have, Tableau is intuitive enough so that you can learn most of the material in the Specialist exam simply by using Tableau.

我建議從桌面認證助理開始。 專家認證衡量基本技能，例如創建基本圖表并設置其格式。 盡管掌握這些知識很重要，但Tableau足夠直觀，因此您只需使用Tableau即可學習專家考試中的大部分材料。

Furthermore, the Certified Associate exam doesn’t require you to have the Specialist certification as a prerequisite, which means you can skip paying the $100 fee for the Specialist certification and jump straight to the Certified Associate. Each attempt on the Certified Associate exam costs $250, so make sure to prepare thoroughly before you try it out.

此外，認證助理考試不要求您具備專家認證的先決條件，這意味著您可以跳過支付專家認證所需的100美元費用，而直接跳到認證助理。 每次參加認證助理考試的費用為250美元 ，因此請務必充分準備后再嘗試。

Based on Tableau’s Certification Directory, as of August 2020, there are 4,101 people with active Desktop Certified Associate certifications. This number may be even higher, as some people might have opted out of being shown on the list. Acquiring this certificate is one way to demonstrate that you know more than just the basics of Tableau.

根據Tableau的認證目錄，截至2020年8月，有4,101人擁有有效的桌面認證助理認證。 這個數字可能更高，因為某些人可能選擇不顯示在列表中。 獲得此證書是一種證明您不僅了解Tableau基礎知識的方法。

When you’re up against a hundred other people for a job that needs data skills, the certificate may be enough to at least get you an interview.

當您與需要數百名數據技能的其他人抗衡時，證書可能足以至少讓您獲得面試機會。

If we take a quick peek at Google Trends, “tableau jobs” and “tableau certification” are search terms that have continued to increase over the last decade.

如果我們快速瀏覽一下Google趨勢，那么“表格工作”和“表格認證”是在過去十年中持續增長的搜索詞。

Google Trends for “tableau jobs” and “tableau certification”針對“ Tableau工作”和“ Tableau認證”的Google趨勢

Jobs in every business function work with data in some form, and Tableau can help turn that data into actionable business intelligence. That and the growing popularity of “business analyst” and “data analyst” type jobs may be the reason for the popularity of Tableau and Tableau certification-related search trends. So if you’re looking to distinguish yourself among the crowd of applicants for every opening, learning Tableau may be one way to do so.

每個業務職能部門中的工作都以某種形式處理數據，Tableau可以幫助將數據轉變為可操作的商業智能。 那和“業務分析師”和“數據分析師”類型的工作越來越受歡迎，可能是Tableau和Tableau認證相關搜索趨勢之所以受歡迎的原因。 因此，如果您希望在每次開放的求職者中都能夠與眾不同，那么學習Tableau可能是做到這一點的一種方法。

Because I recently passed my Tableau Desktop Certified Associate exam, I wanted to take the time to explain how I prepared and what the exam experience was like. If you’re also interested in taking the exam, I hope by the end of this piece I was able to help!

因為我最近通過了Tableau Desktop Certified Associate考試，所以我想花點時間解釋我的準備情況以及考試的感受。 如果您也對參加考試感興趣，希望到本文結束時我能對您有所幫助！

The exam is graded as a pass or fail, with 75% needed for a passing mark. For full disclosure, here’s proof of my certification:

考試的等級為及格或不及格，合格分數為75％。 要進行全面披露，以下是我的認證證明：

Certification proof認證證明

As you can see, I didn’t pass with flying colors. I just passed with regular colors. I was a bit shocked to see that I only got 55% of the “Calculations” questions correct, but I couldn’t see which questions I got wrong because Tableau doesn’t provide per-question feedback on your exam. On the bright side, this high-level feedback does help, as after the exam you know which areas to review and focus on for your next attempt (if you need to re-take the exam) or for the Certified Professional exam.

如您所見，我并沒有表現出色。 我只是通過常規顏色。 看到我只正確回答了55％的“計算”問題，我感到有些震驚，但是我看不到我錯了哪些問題，因為Tableau不會為您的考試提供每個問題的反饋。 從好的方面來說，這種高水平的反饋確實會有所幫助，因為在考試之后，您知道要為下一次嘗試(如果您需要重新參加考試)或認證專業人士考試而要重點關注的領域。

測試技能部分摘要和細目分類 (Tested Skill Sections Summary and Breakdown)

If you’ve skimmed the introduction and arrived here, this is where it gets real.

如果您瀏覽了介紹并到達此處，這就是真實的地方。

The official Desktop Certified Associate exam guide (link at the end of this piece) tells you exactly which skills the exam will measure, and the weight of each section on the exam. The exam includes 36 questions, so we can approximate the number of questions for each section below:

官方的桌面認證助理考試指南(本文末尾的鏈接)會告訴您確切的考試內容，以及考試各部分的重要性。 該考試包括36個問題，因此我們可以大致估算以下每個部分的問題數量：

Estimated number of questions for exam預計考試題數

The number of questions per section is just a guideline. The actual percentage allocation on the exam may be slightly different than what’s shown on the table above. One question can mean the difference between a pass and a fail, so don’t skip over any sections just because you think it’s easy at first glance.

每節的問題數量僅是一個準則。 考試的實際百分比分配可能與上表所示的有所不同。 一個問題可能意味著通過和失敗之間的區別，因此不要僅僅因為您乍一看就容易就跳過任何部分。

All questions are multiple-choice, where you either have to select one correct option, multiple (if applicable) correct options, or True/False. However, there is another distinction between “hands-on” and “theory” questions that you should be prepared for.

所有問題都是選擇題 ，您必須選擇一個正確的選項，多個(如果適用)正確的選項或對/錯。 但是，您應該準備的“動手”和“理論”問題之間還有另一個區別。

With hands-on questions, you’ll be given a question to answer based on a provided data source. All data sources are files provided in a folder on the virtual machine (more on this later), so you most likely won’t have to connect to any cloud databases or web data. A simple hands-on question structure might be like this: “Based on the WoahMarket Global Sales data set, what is the sum of sales for Europe in 2019?” To answer this question, you will have to locate the “WoahMarket Global Sales” file, determine if it is Excel or CSV, connect to and open the table in Tableau, and then manipulate the data to get the answer.

使用動手問題 ，將根據提供的數據源為您提供一個要回答的問題。 所有數據源都是在虛擬機上的文件夾中提供的文件(稍后會詳細介紹)，因此您很可能不必連接到任何云數據庫或Web數據。 一個簡單的動手問題結構可能是這樣的：“基于WoahMarket全球銷售數據集，2019年歐洲的銷售總額是多少？” 要回答此問題，您將必須找到“ WoahMarket全球銷售”文件，確定它是Excel還是CSV，連接并打開Tableau中的表，然后操縱數據以獲取答案。

For the theory questions, you won’t technically need to connect to any data sources to answer. These questions test your understanding of Tableau functionality in each of the different skill sections. For example, a sample theory question would be: “How do dashboard set actions affect the view?”, after which you’re given several options to choose from.

對于理論問題 ，從技術上講 ，您無需連接任何數據源即可回答。 這些問題將測試您在每個不同技能部分中對Tableau功能的理解。 例如，一個示例理論問題將是：“儀表板設置動作如何影響視圖？”，然后為您提供幾個選項供您選擇。

Now, let’s quickly go over each skill and discuss each area you should review before the exam.

現在，讓我們快速檢查每種技能，并討論考試前應檢查的每個領域。

數據連接(17％) (Data Connections (17%))

No data analysis or visualization can start without first connecting to the data. That’s probably why the exam features this section heavily, with 17% of the multiple-choice questions potentially featuring data connections. You’ll need to know a lot more than how to connect Tableau to an Excel file.

如果不先連接數據，就無法開始數據分析或可視化。 這可能就是考試在本部分中重點突出的原因，其中有17％的多項選擇題可能具有數據連接性。 您不僅需要了解如何將Tableau連接到Excel文件，還需要了解更多信息。

You should know that Tableau can connect to various databases, including Microsoft SQL Server and MySQL. Tableau also has built-in connections to several Amazon services, including Athena and Redshift. You won’t necessarily be asked to connect to these, but they may show up as options in a multiple-choice theory question.

您應該知道Tableau可以連接到各種數據庫，包括Microsoft SQL Server和MySQL。 Tableau還具有與多個Amazon服務(包括Athena和Redshift)的內置連接。 您不一定會被要求連接這些，但是它們可能會在多項選擇理論問題中作為選項出現。

Data connection options數據連接選項

There are also many different ways to combine tables in preparation for visualizing. You’ll need to know how to differentiate joins, blends, and unions, as well as the scenarios in which you’d use each join.

還有許多不同的方法可以組合表格以進行可視化。 您將需要知道如何區分join ， blends和unions ，以及將使用每個聯接的方案。

Another important feature that you may need to use in the exam is the “Data Interpreter”, which is a built-in Tableau feature that can help clean data before loading. If you’re given a file with lots of empty cells, titles, and other strange formattings, simply tick the “Use Data Interpreter” box and Tableau will attempt to detect tables from the file.

考試中可能需要使用的另一個重要功能是“ 數據解釋器 ”，它是Tableau的內置功能，可以幫助在加載之前清理數據。 如果為您提供了一個包含大量空單元格，標題和其他奇怪格式的文件，則只需選中“使用數據解釋器”框，Tableau就會嘗試從該文件中檢測表。

Data Interpreter feature數據解釋器功能

Tableau also allows you to create “extracts”, or saved subsets of data that decrease the size of data you analyze and can potentially improve how quickly your workbook responds. Extracts were updated in version 10.5, and you may get some theory questions regarding the difference between the old extract formats functionality and the new.

通過Tableau，您還可以創建“ 提取 ”或已保存的數據子集，以減少您分析的數據的大小，并有可能提高工作簿響應的速度。 摘錄已在版本10.5中進行了更新，您可能會遇到一些有關舊的摘錄格式功能與新的摘錄格式功能之間差異的理論問題。

Extract feature提取功能

組織和簡化數據(10％) (Organizing and Simplifying Data (10%))

This section is relatively simple, which may be why Tableau weighted it less than the others. To filter data, you’ll typically drag a dimension over to the filter pane and customize it as necessary. To build groups, hierarchies, and sets, all you need to do is right-click on the relevant dimension and select what you want to create.

此部分相對簡單，這可能就是為什么Tableau對其進行加權的原因。 要過濾數據，通常會將維度拖到過濾器窗格上，并根據需要對其進行自定義。 要構建group ， hierarchies和set ，您需要做的就是右鍵單擊相關維度并選擇要創建的內容。

Creating groups, sets, and hierarchies.創建組，集合和層次結構。

While performing these tasks are easy, you still need to understand why and when to perform each of them.

盡管執行這些任務很容易，但是您仍然需要了解為什么以及何時執行它們中的每一個。

For the hands-on questions, it doesn’t matter how you choose to get the right answer, as long as you get the right answer.

對于動手操作問題，只要選擇正確的答案，選擇如何獲得正確的答案都沒關系。

If you come across questions that make it seem like you need a calculated field, it may first be worth trying a technique from this section.

如果遇到使您似乎需要計算字段的問題，那么首先值得嘗試本節中的一種技術。

Creating a set in Tableau can answer many different types of questions. When you customize a set, you are allocating data that fit into a category as “in” the set, and the rest of the data that don’t fit as “out” of the set. For example, if you had to identify the top 10 customers by total sales, you could answer this question by creating a set and selecting the “Top” tab and customizing the “By field” option.

在Tableau中創建集合可以回答許多不同類型的問題。 定制集合時，您將分配適合類別的數據作為“集合中的”，而其余數據則不適用于集合的“外部”。 例如，如果您必須按總銷售額確定前10名客戶，則可以通過創建一個集合并選擇“ Top”標簽并自定義“ By field”選項來回答此問題。

Creating a set創建一個集合

You could also take this a step further and create a combined set if you needed to compare two types of customers. For example, if you wanted to see only customers who were in the top 10 of total sales and the bottom 10 of the total profit, you can right-click on one of the sets and click “Create Combined Set”, after which you can choose to get only members that fit in both of the sets.

如果您需要比較兩種類型的客戶，也可以更進一步，創建一個組合集 。 例如，如果您只想查看總銷售額前10名和利潤總額前10名的客戶，則可以右鍵單擊其中一組，然后單擊“創建組合集”，然后可以選擇只獲取同時適合這兩個集合的成員。

Creating a combined set創建組合集

This is a good section to review Tableau’s “Order of Operations”, which layout in which order Tableau implements filters and calculations that you put in the view. For example, when you want one of your dimension filters to be implemented before the rest you would need to set it as a “Context Filter”, as these are implemented before regular dimension filters.

這是檢查Tableau的“ 操作順序 ”的好部分，該布局以Tableau實施您放入視圖中的過濾器和計算的順序。 例如，當您要在其余維度過濾器之前實施一個維度過濾器時，您需要將其設置為“ 上下文過濾器 ”，因為這些過濾器是在常規維度過濾器之前實施的。

source來源

字段和圖表類型(15％) (Field and Chart Types (15%))

This section involves how Tableau creates visualizations by understanding the components used to create them.

本節涉及Tableau 如何通過了解用于創建可視化的組件來創建可視化。

The first step is understanding the difference between measures and dimensions. Measures in Tableau represent to be the numerical values in your data sources, whereas dimensions are the qualitative values that you use to categorize and aggregate your data. When you drag a dimension onto the view, Tableau will automatically aggregate the view based on that category.

第一步是了解度量和維度之間的差異。 Tableau中的度量表示數據源中的數值，而維是用于對數據進行分類和匯總的定性值。 將維度拖到視圖上時，Tableau將根據該類別自動聚合視圖。

Say you initially just had a graph with each sale plotted over time. If you then dragged “Region” into the view, you would still get sales over time, but there would likely be less individual points on the graph, as all the individual points in each same region would have been added together (i.e. Tableau would change [Sales] to SUM([Sales]).

假設您最初只是有一張圖表，其中每筆交易都繪制了一段時間。 如果隨后將“區域”拖動到視圖中，則隨著時間的推移您仍將獲得銷售，但是圖形上的單個點可能會更少，因為每個相同區域中的所有單個點都將被加在一起(即Tableau會改變[銷售]到SUM([銷售])。

You also need to know the difference between discrete and continuous fields. At first glance, you may assume that all measures must be continuous and all dimensions must be discrete. However, this is not the case. Some measures may be discrete (rare), and some dimensions may be continuous (less rare).

您還需要了解離散字段和連續字段之間的區別。 乍一看，您可能會假設所有度量必須是連續的，并且所有維都必須是離散的。 然而，這種情況并非如此。 一些度量可能是離散的(稀有)，而某些維度可能是連續的(較少見)。

In most cases, measures tend to be continuous, as continuous values form an unbroken whole and go to infinity. For example, the “Sales” measure is continuous, because there is technically no upper limit to a company’s sales, and the sales value could be any number. In contrast, discrete values are those that are distinct from one another. For example, different values in the “Product Category” dimension are discrete, as there are a set number of values that the dimension can take.

在大多數情況下，度量往往是連續的，因為連續的值形成一個完整的整體并達到無窮大。 例如，“銷售”度量是連續的，因為從技術上講，公司的銷售沒有上限，并且銷售價值可以是任何數字。 相反， 離散值是彼此不同的值。 例如，“產品類別”維度中的不同值是離散的，因為維度可以采用一定數量的值。

Also, you might initially think that all measures are green and all dimensions are blue. This is not the case, which you can see if you right-click on a measure and select “Convert to dimension”. You’ll see that all discrete fields are blue and all continuous fields are green.

同樣，您最初可能會認為所有度量均為綠色，而所有尺寸均為藍色。 情況并非如此，如果右鍵單擊度量并選擇“轉換為尺寸”，就會看到這種情況。 您會看到所有離散字段均為藍色，所有連續字段均為綠色。

Tableau also automatically generates some fields that you can use. They are present at the bottom of the list of dimensions and measures, and are italicized so you can quickly identify them. It’s best to just drag these into the view so you understand what they do. You’ll also see that when you select certain chart types, some of these fields will automatically be added to the view. The number of records measure is also an auto-generated field from Tableau. You can think of it as an extra column in the table, with the values in each row being “1”, as it’s meant to serve as a count of all the rows in your data source.

Tableau還會自動生成一些您可以使用的字段 。 它們位于尺寸和度量列表的底部，并以斜體顯示，因此您可以快速識別它們。 最好將它們拖到視圖中，以便您了解它們的作用。 您還將看到選擇某些圖表類型時，其中某些字段會自動添加到視圖中。 記錄數度量也是Tableau的自動生成的字段。 您可以將其視為表中的額外列，每行中的值為“ 1”，因為它意在用作數據源中所有行的計數。

There is a wide range of charts you can build on Tableau, from histograms to heat maps. If you click the helpful “Show Me” tab on the upper right, Tableau will show you which combination of dimensions and/or measures you need to create each type of chart.

您可以在Tableau上構建各種圖表，從直方圖到熱圖。 如果單擊右上角有用的“ Show Me ”選項卡，Tableau將為您顯示創建每種類型的圖表所需的尺寸和/或度量的組合。

Show Me feature向我展示功能

It’s also important not only to know how to create each type of chart, but also when you might need to use them. Histograms, for example, look similar to bar charts but serve a completely different purpose.

同樣重要的是，不僅要知道如何創建每種類型的圖表，而且要知道何時需要使用它們。 例如，直方圖看起來與條形圖相似，但用途完全不同。

計算(18％) (Calculations (18%))

Oh boy, calculations.

天哪，算了。

This is the highest weighted section on the exam, and for good reason. It’s easy enough to drag and drop measures and dimensions into the view to create informative visualizations. But once you get comfortable using calculations, you’ll add a whole new layer of depth to your analyses and unlock Tableau’s full potential.

這是考試中權重最高的部分，這是有充分理由的。 將度量和尺寸拖放到視圖中以創建信息化的可視化效果非常容易。 但是一旦您對計算感到滿意，就可以在分析中添加全新的深度，并釋放Tableau的全部潛力。

Here, it’s very important to distinguish between those calculations with aggregated values and those without. For example, if you’re looking to calculate a profit to sales ratio for a particular region, you may think that you can just create a calculated field with [Profit] / [Sales]. However, if you add this calculation to the view, you won’t get the correct result because Tableau will perform the calculation at for each row, and then add all the individual profit to sales ratios together. What you really want is SUM([Profit]) / SUM([Sales]), as this calculation will take into account the granularity on your view.

在這里，區分具有匯總值的計算與沒有匯總值的計算非常重要。 例如，如果您要計算特定區域的利潤與銷售比率，您可能會認為您可以僅使用[利潤] / [銷售]創建一個計算字段。 但是，如果將此計算添加到視圖中，將不會得到正確的結果，因為Tableau將針對每行執行一次計算，然后將所有單個利潤與銷售比率相加。 您真正想要的是SUM([Profit])/ SUM([Sales])，因為此計算將考慮您視圖的粒度。

Tableau explains what values are needed for every calculation when you’re creating a calculated field, so there’s no need to memorize what goes where. However, it is worth the different string, date, arithmetic, and logic calculations that Tableau offers, so at least you’ll know the names of the calculations during the exam. To create a calculated field, click “Analysis” and then “Create Calculated Field”. You can also right-click a dimension or measure and then click “Create Calculated Field”.

Tableau解釋了在創建計算字段時每次計算都需要哪些值，因此無需記住去往何處。 但是，值得Tableau提供不同的字符串，日期，算術和邏輯計算，因此至少您會在考試期間知道計算的名稱。 要創建計算字段，請單擊“分析”，然后單擊“創建計算字段”。 您也可以右鍵單擊尺寸或度量，然后單擊“創建計算字段”。

Creating a calculated field創建一個計算字段

You should also understand how table calculations work, and try out the most common ones like “Percent of Total”, “Moving Average”, and “Difference”. You may get a question that specifically has the type of table calculation you need in it, so all you need to do is select the right one from “Quick Table Calculation”.

您還應該了解表計算的工作原理，并嘗試最常見的計算方法 ，例如“ 合計百分比 ”，“ 移動平均值 ”和“ 差異 ”。 您可能會得到一個問題，其中特別包含您需要的表計算類型，因此您需要做的就是從“ 快速表計算 ”中選擇正確的表計算類型 。

Quick table calculations快速表格計算

Understanding when and how to create “Level of Detail” (LOD) calculations is also important, as there may be questions that seem straight forward but actually require these kinds of calculations. LOD calculations allow you to control which level of granularity you want to perform a calculation on, and can use values in calculations that don’t appear on the view.

了解何時以及如何創建“ 詳細程度 ”(LOD)計算也很重要，因為可能存在一些直截了當但實際上需要進行此類計算的問題。 通過LOD計算，您可以控制要在哪個粒度級別上執行計算，并且可以在視圖中未顯示的計算中使用值。

Level of Detail expressions (also known as LOD expressions) allow you to compute values at the data source level and the visualization level. There are INCLUDE, EXCLUDE, and FIXED LOD expressions, but in general, FIXED expression can be used in most cases. Exceptions to this can occur when you need the LOD expression to be calculated in a different order relative to the filters you have on your view (see “order of operations” in the first section).

詳細級別表達式(也稱為LOD表達式)使您可以在數據源級別和可視化級別計算值。 有INCLUDE，EXCLUDE和FIXED LOD表達式，但是通常，在大多數情況下都可以使用FIXED表達式。 當您需要以相對于視圖上的過濾器不同的順序來計算LOD表達式時，可能會發生這種情況(請參閱第一部分中的“ 操作順序 ”)。

FIXED LOD expressions let you perform calculations with values that are independent of what’s shown on the view. One useful type of activity you can perform with these expressions are cohort analyses, which let you answer questions like: “How much profit comes from customers who first ordered in 2011, 2012, 2013, etc.?” Here, you’re creating groups of customers based on their first order date, and to do so you need to use a FIXED LOD expression.

FIXED LOD表達式使您可以使用與視圖上顯示的值無關的值執行計算。 可以使用這些表達式執行的一種有用的活動類型是隊列分析，它可以讓您回答以下問題：“在2011、2012、2013等年首次訂購的客戶有多少利潤？” 在這里，您要根據客戶的第一筆訂單日期創建客戶組，為此，您需要使用FIXED LOD表達式。

LOD expression exampleLOD表達式示例

映射(13％) (Mapping (13%))

Ah, maps. They look may look simple, but you can do so much more with them than just color code different regions.

啊，地圖。 它們看起來很簡單，但您不僅可以對不同區域進行顏色編碼，還可以做更多的事情。

One important tip to begin with: check to see if the data source provides you with “Latitude” and “Longitude” measures. If so, you’ll want to use these instead of Tableau’s auto-generated “Latitude” and “Longitude” measures, which are italicized and present at the bottom of the data pane. This is because sometimes Tableau cannot generate the coordinates for a custom location in your data set. This is why many data sets with special geographic locations come with their own “Latitude” and “Longitude” measures.

開始時的一個重要提示：檢查數據源是否為您提供了“ 緯度 ”和“ 經度 ”度量。 如果是這樣，您將希望使用這些替代Tableau的自動生成的“緯度”和“經度”度量，這些度量以斜體顯示在數據窗格的底部。 這是因為有時Tableau無法生成數據集中自定義位置的坐標。 這就是為什么許多具有特殊地理位置的數據集都有自己的“緯度”和“經度”度量。

Basic map creation基本地圖創建

Tableau also lets you check the distance between different locations with its “Radial selection” tool. However, you’ll need to make sure you have zoomed in close enough so that the tool will show distance. This is because the Earth is not flat, so Tableau can allow show you the “straight line distance” between two locations up to a certain point.

Tableau還允許您使用其“ 徑向選擇 ”工具檢查不同位置之間的距離。 但是，您需要確保放大得足夠近，這樣工具才能顯示距離。 這是因為地球不是平坦的，所以Tableau可以向您顯示兩個位置之間直到特定點的“直線距離”。

Geographic search and radial selection地理搜索和徑向選擇

You can add more details to the map by selecting different “Map layering” options, which can add items like city labels, streets/highways/routes, state/province borders, and much more. If you need to search for a specific geographic item like a city or a state, you can use Tableau’s map search bar on the top left of the map view.

您可以通過選擇不同的“ 地圖分層 ”選項來向地圖添加更多詳細信息，這些選項可以添加諸如城市標簽 ， 街道/公路/路線 ， 州/省邊界等項目。 如果您需要搜索特定的地理項目(例如城市或州)，則可以使用位于地圖視圖左上方的Tableau的地圖搜索欄。

Map layers地圖圖層

分析(15％) (Analytics (15%))

The analytics tab may seem intimidating, but as with the rest of its interface, Tableau makes statistics easy to understand and use in your visualizations.

“分析”選項卡似乎令人生畏，但與其他界面一樣，Tableau使統計信息易于理解并在可視化中使用。

You can perform most of the analytics related skills by moving from the “Data” pane, which is the default, to the “Analytics” pane. Here, you’ll see options to “Summarize”, “Model”, or “Custom” analytics. For example, under “Model” you could drag “Trend Line” to the view, which would give you a choice of a linear, logarithmic, exponential, polynomial, or power trend line. It’s worth pointing out here that while it’s important to understand how these work, simply knowing what options are available (or checking which are available during the exam) can help you to quickly answer theory-based questions.

您可以通過從默認的“數據”窗格移至“ 分析 ”窗格來執行大多數與分析相關的技能。 在這里，您將看到“ 摘要 ”，“ 模型 ”或“ 自定義 ”分析的選項。 例如，在“ 模型 ”下，您可以將“ 趨勢線 ”拖到視圖中，這將為您提供線性 ， 對數 ， 指數 ， 多項式或冪趨勢線的選擇。 這里值得指出的是，雖然了解這些工作原理很重要，但只要知道可用的選項(或檢查考試中可用的選項)就可以幫助您快速回答基于理論的問題。

Creating a trend line from the Analytics tab從“分析”選項卡創建趨勢線

For this section, in addition to being able to create a view with visual analytics items, you should also take a look at each item’s components. For example, if you’re unfamiliar with box plots, take a look at what the difference is between the upper hinge and the upper whisker. Similarly, if you need to add a forecast to the view, remember that you can click “Describe Forecast” to take a closer look at the model.

對于此部分，除了能夠使用可視化分析項目創建視圖之外，您還應該查看每個項目的組件。 例如，如果您不熟悉箱形圖，請查看上鉸鏈和上晶須之間的區別。 同樣，如果您需要向視圖中添加預測，請記住，您可以單擊“ 描述預測 ”來仔細查看模型。

Describe forecast描述預測

資訊主頁(12％) (Dashboards (12%))

Last but not least is manipulating dashboards!

最后但并非最不重要的是操縱儀表板！

Dashboards are combinations of sheets that can be used to show a lot of information on just one page. As with every other section, the best way to understand how dashboards work is to create and interact with some yourself. Tableau’s sample Superstore workbook has a few well-designed dashboards you can take a look at to get started.

儀表板是工作表的組合，可用于在一頁上顯示很多信息。 與其他各節一樣，了解儀表板如何工作的最佳方法是創建自己并與之交互。 Tableau的示例Superstore工作簿具有一些設計良好的儀表板，您可以查看這些儀表板以開始使用。

Sample dashboard樣本儀表板

Knowing when and how to use the different types of “Dashboard actions” will serve you well. Filter and highlight actions are pretty quick to create and use. When you want to interact directly with a visualization and see dynamic updates based, you have the option to create parameter actions and set actions. These allow you to edit the parameter and set values respectively, which can be useful when you want to customize the data your visualization shows.

知道何時以及如何使用不同類型的“ 儀表盤操作 ”會很好地為您服務。 篩選和突出顯示 操作非常容易創建和使用。 當您想直接與可視化交互并看到基于動態的更新時，可以選擇創建參數動作和設置 動作 。 這些允許您分別編輯參數和設置值，這在您要自定義可視化顯示的數據時很有用。

Dashboard actions儀表板動作

Another important segment is how you can create custom dashboard layouts for different devices. In addition to the default layout, Tableau lets you create layouts specifically for desktops, tablets, and mobile devices. You also have the option to auto-generate a layout for mobile devices.

另一個重要的部分是如何為不同的設備創建自定義的儀表板布局 。 除了默認布局外，Tableau還允許您創建專門用于臺式機，平板電腦和移動設備的布局。 您還可以選擇自動生成移動設備的布局 。

Dashboard layout options儀表板布局選項

為考試當天做準備 (Preparing For the Day of the Exam)

Those were all the skill sections you’ll need for the exam. I tried to include as much as I could, but obviously I can’t go over every point in the exam guide in one piece. Make sure to review every skill in every section, because they could all potentially come up on the exam.

這些都是考試所需的所有技能部分。 我嘗試了盡可能多地包括在內，但顯然我不能一口氣地涵蓋考試指南中的每個要點。 確保復習每個部分中的每項技能，因為它們都可能會出現在考試中。

Now, let’s go through registering for the exam and what the exam day will look like.

現在，讓我們完成考試的注冊以及考試的日期。

Visit Tableau’s Desktop Certified Associate page and click “Register Now”. You’ll be redirected to their exam portal where you’ll be prompted to create an account, select which exam you want to take, and add your payment information. Once that’s done, you can set the date and time you want to take the exam, which must be within six months of your registration date.

訪問Tableau的桌面認證助理頁面，然后單擊“立即注冊”。 您將被重定向到他們的考試門戶，系統將提示您創建一個帳戶，選擇您要參加的考試，并添加您的付款信息。 完成后，您可以設置要參加考試的日期和時間，該日期和時間必須在注冊日期的六個月內。

There are a few things to remember on the day of the exam itself:

考試當天有幾件事要記住：

• Take and pass the internet connectivity test. They strongly suggest that you use a wired connection to avoid latency issues, but Wi-Fi should be as long as your connectivity results meet the minimum requirements. I used Wi-Fi and didn’t experience any issues (I also turned off all the Wi-Fi on my other devices before starting the exam).

  參加并通過互聯網連接測試。 他們強烈建議您使用有線連接來避免延遲問題，但是只要您的連接結果符合最低要求，Wi-Fi應該保持連接狀態。 我使用了Wi-Fi，但沒有遇到任何問題(在開始考試之前，我還關閉了其他設備上的所有Wi-Fi)。

• Have a government-issued ID ready for verification. Your proctor will ask to see your ID before the exam begins.

  準備由政府簽發的ID以供驗證。 監考人員會在考試開始之前要求您查看您的身份證。

• Set up your testing environment. You must be a small, well-lit room free of papers, materials, and other gadgets. Your proctor will ask you to move your camera around so they can verify that your room is clear. I didn’t have a study room, so I took the test in my bedroom, but I’d highly recommend finding a nice room with an actual desk and chair (maybe go to a friend’s house). The test is two hours long, and it got incredibly hot and stuffy in my room as time went on, so make sure you get comfortable. You can have a water bottle with you, but also make sure that you don’t drink too much, as you can’t leave to use the bathroom once the exam starts.

  設置您的測試環境。 您必須是一個光線充足的小房間，里面沒有紙張，材料和其他小物件。 監理人會要求您移動攝像機，以便他們確認您的房間是否干凈。 我沒有自習室，所以我在臥室里參加了考試，但我強烈建議您找到一個帶實際桌子和椅子的漂亮房間(也許去朋友家)。 測試時間為兩個小時，隨著時間的推移，它在我的房間里變得非常悶熱，請確保您感到舒適。 您可以隨身帶一個水瓶，但也要確保不要喝太多，因為一旦考試開始就不能離開去洗手間。

• Keep your cellphone handy for a call or email from the proctor if there are any connectivity issues before the exam. Once you’ve successfully connected, make sure you take your phone out of the room (your proctor will probably remind you to do this anyway).

  如果考試前有任何連接問題，請將手機放在方便的地方，以方便督導員打個電話或發送電子郵件。 成功連接后，請確保將手機帶出房間(您的監理員可能仍會提醒您執行此操作)。

• Restart your computer and close all applications before the exam except for Google Chrome (which you use to log into the exam portal and start the exam).

  重新啟動計算機并關閉考試前的所有應用程序，但Google Chrome除外 (您可以使用Google Chrome登錄到考試門戶并開始考試)。

The test will take place on a virtual machine, which the proctor will help you connect to during the exam set-up. This is why your internet connection must be stable because if you disconnect from the virtual machine in the middle of the exam, you won’t get any extra time as you attempt to reconnect.

該測試將在虛擬機上進行 ，監理人將在考試過程中幫助您連接到該虛擬機 。 這就是您的Internet連接必須穩定的原因，因為如果在考試中途斷開與虛擬機的連接，則嘗試重新連接時將不會有任何額外的時間。

During the test, you can use the internet!

在測試期間，您可以使用互聯網！

This can come in handy for theory questions, but you typically won’t be able to just type the question into Google. You’ll have access to most public sites, as long as they don’t require you to log in. In general, the “Tableau Help” and “Tableau Community Forum” pages were the ones I found the most useful. I’d suggest browsing through these pages to familiarize yourself with the keywords and layout.

這對于理論問題可能會派上用場，但是通常您不能僅將問題輸入Google。 您可以訪問大多數公共站點，只要它們不需要您登錄即可。通常，“ Tableau幫助 ”和“ Tableau社區論壇 ”頁面是我發現最有用的頁面。 我建議瀏覽這些頁面以熟悉關鍵字和布局。

If you at least know the headlines of each section or sub-topic, you’ll quickly know what to Google during the exam. For example, if you get a question on default dashboard layouts, you should know that Tableau Help has a “Create Dashboard Layouts for Different Device Types” section under “Create Dashboards”. You won’t necessarily have to memorize the contents of everything on the page (although it would be great if you had the time for that), but at least you’d know where the information was before the exam.

如果您至少知道每個部分或子主題的標題，那么您會很快知道考試期間對Google有什么幫助。 例如，如果您對默認儀表板布局有疑問，則應該知道Tableau幫助在“創建儀表板”下有一個“為不同設備類型創建儀表板布局”部分。 您不必一定要記住頁面上所有內容的內容(盡管如果有時間的話，那會很棒)，但是至少您會知道考試前的信息在哪里。

Something important to keep in mind is that the test is timed. You have two hours to complete it, so don’t spend too much time trying to search Google for an answer. If you’re really stuck, an alternative to searching online is connecting to any data source on Tableau and testing out whatever the question is asking. For example, if you’re asked whether a measure can be used as a filter and you don’t remember the answer, just open a new sheet, drag a measure to the filter pane, and see what happens.

要記住的重要一點是測試是定時的 。 您有兩個小時的時間來完成它，所以不要花太多時間嘗試在Google上尋找答案。 如果您確實遇到問題，可以使用在線搜索來替代Tableau上的任何數據源，然后測試出任何問題。 例如，如果系統詢問您是否可以將某個度量用作過濾器，而您不記得答案，則只需打開一個新表，將一個度量拖到過濾器窗格中，然后看看會發生什么。

最終學習技巧 (A Few Final Study Tips)

To cap this piece off, I thought I’d end with some more general tips.

為了使本章內容不多，我想以一些更一般的技巧作為結尾。

As of August 2020, you will take the exam using Tableau version 2020.1. It’s important that you know which version of Tableau the exam is being conducted in, as features can change dramatically across new versions of Tableau. For example, Tableau has vastly simplified connecting to data in version 2020.2 with the introduction of “Relationships”, but this feature is not available in the version of Tableau for the exam. Keep an eye out on the official page for updates.

自2020年8月起，您將使用Tableau 2020.1版參加考試。 重要的是，您要知道要在哪個版本的Tableau中進行考試，因為新版本的Tableau中的功能可能會發生巨大變化。 例如，Tableau通過引入“關系”大大簡化了2020.2版中的數據連接，但是此功能在Tableau版本中不適用于考試。 請留意官方頁面上的更新。

Tableau looks (and is) very intuitive, so when you watch tutorial videos, it may seem like you’ll be able to replicate exactly what’s being shown. However, I found often that when I skipped through videos without following along, especially for more complicated topics like blended calculations and level of detail expressions, I couldn’t solve problems after the video ended. It helps to copy exactly what’s going on in a tutorial video, just so you can see the same results on your own screen. After that, you’ll have a model to follow for future questions.

Tableau看起來(并且非常直觀)，因此，當您觀看教程視頻時，似乎可以完全復制顯示的內容。 但是，我經常發現，當我跳過視頻而不關注時，尤其是對于更復雜的主題(例如混合計算和細節表達水平)，視頻結束后我無法解決問題。 它可以準確地復制教程視頻中發生的事情，從而使您可以在自己的屏幕上看到相同的結果。 之后，您將有一個模型可以用來跟蹤將來的問題。

My final general tip is to spend some time reviewing what you learned in the previous day at the start of the next day. It may seem time-consuming, especially as you learn more skills, but it’s worth it. Odds are you’ll spend anywhere from two weeks to a full month or more studying before the exam, so if you don’t spend time reviewing, you may not remember concepts from the first 10 days right before you take the exam.

我最后的一般提示是花一些時間在第二天的開始時回顧您在前一天中學到的知識。 這似乎很耗時，尤其是在您學習更多技能時，但這是值得的。 奇怪的是，您在考試前會花兩個星期到一個月甚至一個月以上的時間，因此，如果您不花時間進行復習，您可能會不記得剛參加考試的前十天的概念。

For further studying, take a look at the Tableau Help pages. I know it’s dense, but all the information you need to pass the exam is in plain sight on those pages. Don’t forget to download the full exam guide on the Desktop Certified Associate page.

為了進一步研究，請查看Tableau幫助頁面 。 我知道它很密集，但是通過這些考試的所有信息都清晰可見。 不要忘記在Desktop Certified Associate頁面上下載完整的考試指南。

Good luck with studying for the exam! I can’t wait to see your names on the Certifiably Tableau Talent page!

祝考試學習好運！ 我迫不及待想在Tableau Certifiable天才頁面上看到您的名字！

If you want more information on forecasting with Tableau, check out this piece:

如果您想了解有關Tableau預測的更多信息，請查看以下內容：

For some non-exam dashboard optimization tips, check out this piece:

有關一些非考試儀表板優化的技巧，請查看以下內容：

翻譯自: https://towardsdatascience.com/the-tableau-desktop-certification-why-you-should-care-and-how-you-can-pass-f43966a94b10

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