python函数调用的例子_实例讲解Python中函数的调用与定义
調用函數:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# 函數調用
>>> abs(100)
100
>>> abs(-110)
110
>>> abs(12.34)
12.34
>>> abs(1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: abs() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
>>> abs('a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'
>>> max(1, 2)
2
>>> max(2, 3, 1, -5)
3
>>> int('123')
123
>>> int(12.34)
12
>>> str(1.23)
'1.23'
>>> str(100)
'100'
>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool('')
False
>>> a = abs # 變量a指向abs函數,相當于引用
>>> a(-1) # 所以也可以通過a調用abs函數
1
>>> n1 = 255
>>> n2 = 1000
>>> print(hex(n1))
0xff
>>> print(hex(n2))
0x3e8
定義函數:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#函數定義
def myAbs(x):
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -x
a = 10
myAbs(a)
def nop(): # 空函數
pass
pass語句什么都不做 。
實際上pass可以用來作為占位符,比如現在還沒想好怎么寫函數代碼,就可以先寫一個pass,讓代碼運行起來。
if age >= 18:
pass
#缺少了pass,代碼就會有語法錯誤
>>> if age >= 18:
...
File "", line 2
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
>>> myAbs(1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: myAbs() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given
>>> myAbs('A')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "", line 2, in myAbs
TypeError: unorderable types: str() >= int()
>>> abs('A')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'
def myAbs(x):
if not isinstance(x, (int, float)):
raise TypeError('bad operand type')
if x >= 0:
return x
else:
return -x
>>> myAbs('A')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "", line 3, in myAbs
TypeError: bad operand type
返回兩個值?
import math
def move(x, y, step, angle = 0):
nx = x + step * math.cos(angle)
ny = y - step * math.sin(angle)
return nx, ny
>>> x, y = move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6)
>>> print(x, y)
151.96152422706632 70.0
其實上面只是一種假象,Python函數返回的仍然是單一值 。
>>> r = move(100, 100, 60, math.pi / 6)
>>> print(r)
(151.96152422706632, 70.0)
實際上返回的是一個tuple!
但是,語法上,返回一個tuple可以省略括號, 而多個變量可以同時接受一個tuple,按位置賦給對應的值。
所以,Python的函數返回多值實際就是返回一個tuple,但是寫起來更方便。
函數執行完畢也沒有return語句時,自動return None。
練習 :
import math
def quadratic(a, b, c):
x1 = (-b + math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a)
x2 = (-b - math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a)
return x1, x2
x1, x2 = quadratic(2, 5, 1)
print(x1, x2)
>>> import math
>>> def quadratic(a, b, c):
... x1 = (-b + math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a)
... x2 = (-b - math.sqrt(b * b - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a)
... return x1, x2
...
>>> x1, x2 = quadratic(2, 5, 1)
>>> print(x1, x2)
-0.21922359359558485 -2.2807764064044154
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