一 一個簡單例子

首先做一個簡單例子；繪制一個簡單的二維紋理圖，并將該圖像映射到一個四邊形上；代碼；

#include <stdlib.h> #include <GL/glut.h> #define imageWidth 64 #define imageHeight 64 GLubyte image[imageWidth][imageHeight][3];/*繪制一個簡單的二維紋理圖*/ void makeImage(void) {int i,j,r,g,b;/*根據點的位置設置不同的顏色*/for(i = 0;i < imageWidth;i++){for(j = 0;j <imageHeight;j++){r = (i*j)%255;g = (i*i)%255;b = (j*j)%255;image[i][j][0] = (GLubyte)b;image[i][j][1] = (GLubyte)g;image[i][j][2] = (GLubyte)r;}} }void myInit(void) {glClearColor(0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);makeImage();glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT,1);/*指定二維紋理映射*/glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,3,imageWidth,imageHeight,0,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,&image[0][0][0]);/*設置紋理參數*/glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,GL_REPEAT);glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,GL_REPEAT);glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_LINEAR);glTexParameterf(GL_TEXTURE_2D,GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_LINEAR);/*設置紋理環境參數*/glTexEnvf(GL_TEXTURE_ENV,GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE,GL_DECAL);glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);glShadeModel(GL_FLAT); }void myDisplay(void) {glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);/*將紋理映射到四邊形上*/glBegin(GL_QUADS);/*紋理的坐標和四邊形頂點的對應*/glTexCoord2f(0.0,0.0); glVertex3f(-1.0,1.0,0.0);glTexCoord2f(0.0,1.0); glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0,0.0);glTexCoord2f(1.0,1.0); glVertex3f(1.0,-1.0,0.0);glTexCoord2f(1.0,0.0); glVertex3f(1.0,1.0,0.0);glEnd();glFlush(); }void myReshape(int w,int h) {glViewport(0,0,(GLsizei)w,(GLsizei)h);glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);//glMatrixMode(GL_TEXTURE);glLoadIdentity();gluPerspective(80.0,1.0-(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,1.0,30.0);glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);glLoadIdentity(); }int main(int argc,char **argv) {/*初始化*/glutInit(&argc,argv);glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB);glutInitWindowSize(300,300);glutInitWindowPosition(200,200);/*創建窗口*/glutCreateWindow(" Texture ");/*繪制與顯示*/myInit();glutReshapeFunc(myReshape);glutDisplayFunc(myDisplay);glutMainLoop();return 0; }
效果：

二 示例2

編譯如下一個例子；需要用到《OpenGL超級寶典》中的一些庫和頭文件；未編譯成功；不過過程和用到的一些資源比較有用；記錄一下；

1 代碼

#include "gltools.h" //#include "math3d.h" #include <GL/glut.h> #include <stdio.h>// Define targa header. #pragma pack(1) typedef struct{GLbyte identsize; // Size of ID field that follows header (0)GLbyte colorMapType; // 0 = None, 1 = palettedGLbyte imageType; // 0 = none, 1 = indexed, 2 = rgb, 3 = grey, +8=rleunsigned short colorMapStart; // First colour map entryunsigned short colorMapLength; // Number of colorsunsigned char colorMapBits; // bits per palette entryunsigned short xstart; // image x originunsigned short ystart; // image y originunsigned short width; // width in pixelsunsigned short height; // height in pixelsGLbyte bits; // bits per pixel (8 16, 24, 32)GLbyte descriptor; // image descriptor} TGAHEADER; #pragma pack(8)GLbyte *gltLoadTGA(const char *szFileName, GLint *iWidth, GLint *iHeight, GLint *iComponents, GLenum *eFormat){FILE *pFile; // File pointerTGAHEADER tgaHeader; // TGA file headerunsigned long lImageSize; // Size in bytes of imageshort sDepth; // Pixel depth;GLbyte *pBits = NULL; // Pointer to bits// Default/Failed values*iWidth = 0;*iHeight = 0;*eFormat = GL_BGR_EXT;*iComponents = GL_RGB8;// Attempt to open the filpFile = fopen(szFileName, "rb");if(pFile == NULL)return NULL;// Read in header (binary)fread(&tgaHeader, 18/* sizeof(TGAHEADER)*/, 1, pFile);// Do byte swap for big vs little endian #ifdef __APPLE__BYTE_SWAP(tgaHeader.colorMapStart);BYTE_SWAP(tgaHeader.colorMapLength);BYTE_SWAP(tgaHeader.xstart);BYTE_SWAP(tgaHeader.ystart);BYTE_SWAP(tgaHeader.width);BYTE_SWAP(tgaHeader.height); #endif// Get width, height, and depth of texture*iWidth = tgaHeader.width;*iHeight = tgaHeader.height;sDepth = tgaHeader.bits / 8;// Put some validity checks here. Very simply, I only understand// or care about 8, 24, or 32 bit targa's.if(tgaHeader.bits != 8 && tgaHeader.bits != 24 && tgaHeader.bits != 32)return NULL;// Calculate size of image bufferlImageSize = tgaHeader.width * tgaHeader.height * sDepth;// Allocate memory and check for successpBits = (signed char *)malloc(lImageSize * sizeof(GLbyte));if(pBits == NULL)return NULL;// Read in the bits// Check for read error. This should catch RLE or other // weird formats that I don't want to recognizeif(fread(pBits, lImageSize, 1, pFile) != 1){free(pBits);return NULL;}// Set OpenGL format expectedswitch(sDepth){case 3: // Most likely case*eFormat = GL_BGR_EXT;*iComponents = GL_RGB8;break;case 4:*eFormat = GL_BGRA_EXT;*iComponents = GL_RGBA8;break;case 1:*eFormat = GL_LUMINANCE;*iComponents = GL_LUMINANCE8;break;};// Done with Filefclose(pFile);// Return pointer to image datareturn pBits;}static GLint iWidth, iHeight, iComponents; static GLenum eFormat; static GLfloat xRot, yRot;static GLfloat noLight[4] = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}; static GLfloat ambientLight[4] = {0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f}; static GLfloat diffuseLight[4] = {0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f}; static GLfloat brightLight[4] = {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f};//光的位置在右上角 static GLfloat lightPos[] = { 5.0f, 5.0f, 5.0f, 1.0f};void SetupRC() {glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);glCullFace(GL_BACK);glFrontFace(GL_CCW);glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);//設置光照環境glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);glLightModelfv(GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, noLight);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, ambientLight);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, diffuseLight);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, brightLight);glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_POSITION, lightPos);glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);//開啟顏色追蹤glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);glColorMaterial(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR, brightLight);//鏡面光加亮的范圍設置大一點glMateriali(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS, 30);//讀取圖像文件glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);void *pImage = NULL;pImage = gltLoadTGA("..\\stone.tga", &iWidth, &iHeight, &iComponents, &eFormat);if (pImage){//加載紋理，然后釋放臨時的內存glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, iComponents, iWidth, iHeight, 0, eFormat, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pImage);free(pImage);pImage = NULL;}//設置紋理過濾glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);//設置紋理環境glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE);glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D); }void RenderScene() {glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);/*金字塔頂點下標為0,底部坐標如下1______2| ||______|3 4*///金字塔頂點數組M3DVector3f vertices[5] = {{0.0f, 0.8f, 0.0f},{-.50f, 0.0f, -.50f},{.50f, 0.0f, -.50f},{-.50f, 0.0f, .50f},{.50f, 0.0f, .50f}};//表面法線向量M3DVector3f normal;glPushMatrix();//先往里和往下平移一點glTranslatef(0.0f, -0.3f, -4.0f);if (xRot > 360.5f){xRot = 0.0f;}if (yRot > 360.5f){yRot = 0.0f;}//進行旋轉glRotatef(xRot, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);glRotatef(yRot, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);xRot += 0.5f;yRot += 0.5f;glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);//底面的四方形由兩個三角形組成glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);//注意法線和紋理都要在頂點之前設置glNormal3f(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[1]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[2]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[4]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[4]);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[3]);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[1]);//前面glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);m3dFindNormal(normal, vertices[0], vertices[3], vertices[4]);glNormal3fv(normal);glTexCoord2f(0.5f, 0.5f);glVertex3fv(vertices[0]);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[3]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[4]);//左側面glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);m3dFindNormal(normal, vertices[1], vertices[3], vertices[0]);glNormal3fv(normal);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[1]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[3]);glTexCoord2f(0.5f, 0.5f);glVertex3fv(vertices[0]);//右側面glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);m3dFindNormal(normal, vertices[0], vertices[4], vertices[2]);glNormal3fv(normal);glTexCoord2f(0.5f, 0.5f);glVertex3fv(vertices[0]);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[4]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[2]);//后面glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);m3dFindNormal(normal, vertices[0], vertices[2], vertices[1]);glNormal3fv(normal);glTexCoord2f(0.5f, 0.5f);glVertex3fv(vertices[0]);glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[2]);glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);glVertex3fv(vertices[1]);glEnd();glPopMatrix();glutSwapBuffers(); }void ChangeSize(GLsizei w, GLsizei h) {if (h == 0)h = 1;glViewport(0, 0, w, h);float fAspect = (GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h;glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);glLoadIdentity();gluPerspective(35.0, fAspect, 1.0, 100.0);glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);glLoadIdentity();glutPostRedisplay(); }void TimerFunc(int value) {glutPostRedisplay();glutTimerFunc(60, TimerFunc, 1); }int main(int args, char *arv[]) {glutInit(&args, arv);glutInitDisplayMode(GL_RGB | GL_DOUBLE | GL_DEPTH);glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);glutCreateWindow("pyramid");glutDisplayFunc(RenderScene);glutReshapeFunc(ChangeSize);SetupRC();glutTimerFunc(50, TimerFunc, 1);glutMainLoop();return 0; }

2 LNK 1103錯誤

Linking...
LINK : warning LNK4098: defaultlib "LIBCMT" conflicts with use of other libs; use /NODEFAULTLIB:library
gltools.lib(math3d.obj) : fatal error LNK1103: debugging information corrupt; recompile module
執行 link.exe 時出錯.

在VC6下選中上圖的 忽略全部默認庫后；不再出現此錯誤；我用的VC6，估計在VS2008以上不會出現此錯誤；

3 關于gltLoadTGA

參閱此文

http://larrycheung.blog.163.com/blog/static/13172966120129284281428/

另外還需要一個輔助函數gltLoadTGA；

我已經加入到上面代碼中；

另外還有一個opengl讀取tga文件的類，在此處；

http://download.csdn.net/detail/jiangcaiyang123/4823365

如果出現下述錯誤，

wenli2.cpp(69) : error C2440: '=' : cannot convert from 'void *' to 'signed char *'
把
pBits = malloc(lImageSize * sizeof(GLbyte));
改為

pBits = (signed char *)malloc(lImageSize * sizeof(GLbyte));

4 用到的庫

gltools.h， gltools.lib，OpenGL超級寶典完整源碼 中附帶；

glew庫；偶又額外下了一個glew-1.9.0;?

在后面鏈接中有；

另外還有一個

http://blog.csdn.net/van_2013/article/details/47165953

5 LNK 2001錯誤

弄好上面；再編譯，還有下述錯誤；

Linking...
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _fclose
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _free
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _malloc
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _fread
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _fopen
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __chkesp
wenli2.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __fltused
gltools.lib(math3d.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __fltused
LINK : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _mainCRTStartup
gltools.lib(math3d.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __CIcos
gltools.lib(math3d.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __CIsin
gltools.lib(math3d.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __CIsqrt
gltools.lib(math3d.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __CItan
Debug/wenli2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 12 unresolved externals
執行 link.exe 時出錯.

CIcos、CIsin等這些都是3d的數學計算函數；看樣子需要把?OpenGL超級寶典完整源碼 中相關工程編譯；除了gltools.lib外，再獲得math3d的lib和dll，才可以；

目前只有VC6；先到這里吧；

6 資源下載

上面兩個工程；glew庫1.9.0, gltools庫，OpenGL超級寶典完整源碼(第五版)；包含在下面；

http://pan.baidu.com/s/1eRF0LTS

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