1. sysstat service

1.1. /etc/cron.d/sysstat

Linux 下的性能分析，少不了要使用 sysstat 工具包中的命令。同時(shí) sysstat 服務(wù)會(huì)自動(dòng)每個(gè)10分鐘收集一次系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)信息，并將它們存儲(chǔ)到 /var/log/sa目錄下。每天一個(gè)文件，文件名分別是sa01, sa02,... sa30..

[root@localhost sa]#pwd

/var/log/sa

[root@localhost sa]#ls

sa01 sa03 sa05 sa06 sa07 sa08 sa09 sa10 sa11 sa12 sa13 sa14 sa15 sa25 sa26 sa27 sa28 sa29 sa30 sar25

自動(dòng)收集系統(tǒng)信息，是通過 /etc/cron.d/sysstat 來實(shí)現(xiàn)的：

[root@localhost sa]#cat /etc/cron.d/sysstat

# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes

*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib/sa/sa1 1 1

#0 * * * * root /usr/lib/sa/sa1 600 6 &

# Generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53

53 23 * * * root /usr/lib/sa/sa2 -A

上面標(biāo)示每個(gè)10分鐘，運(yùn)行一次 /usr/lib/sa/sa1 1 1, 該命令 man sa1：

sa1 - Collect and store binary data in the system activity daily data file.

SYNOPSIS：/usr/lib/sa/sa1 [ --boot | interval count ]

sa1 收集到的是 binary data. 所以 sa2 -A 負(fù)責(zé)將當(dāng)天的二進(jìn)制文件轉(zhuǎn)換成文本文件。

sa2 - Write a daily report in the /var/log/sa directory

其中的收集信息的頻率(10分鐘一次)我們可以根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行修改。

1.2. /etc/sysconfig/sysstat

/var/log/sa/目錄下的文件保存時(shí)間等相關(guān)配置存在于文件 /etc/sysconfig/sysstat中：

[root@localhost ~]#cat /etc/sysconfig/sysstat

# sysstat-9.0.4 configuration file.

# How long to keep log files (in days).

# If value is greater than 28, then log files are kept in

# multiple directories, one for each month.

HISTORY=28

#Compress (using gzip or bzip2) sa and sar files older than (in days):

COMPRESSAFTER=31

#Parameters for the system activity data collector (see sadc manual page)

# which are used for the generation of log files.

SADC_OPTIONS="-S DISK"

#Compression program to use.

ZIP="bzip2"

其中的 HISTORY=28 表示最多保存28天的數(shù)據(jù)。保存時(shí)間，我們可以根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行修改。

1.3. 確保 sysstat 服務(wù)啟動(dòng)：

[root@localhost ~]#chkconfig --level 35 sysstat on

[root@localhost ~]#chkconfig |grep sysstat

sysstat 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off

上面是 sysstat 服務(wù)運(yùn)行的知識(shí)。下面是 sysstat 工具包中的命令行如何使用收集到的信息，來了解系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行情況。

2. sysstat 工具包中的命令

sysstat工具包中有很多的分析命令，常用的有：sar, iostat, mpstat(multi processor stat), pidstat, vmstat等等。

其中的sar命令尤其強(qiáng)大，它一個(gè)命令就能夠收集系統(tǒng)CPU, 內(nèi)存，磁盤，網(wǎng)絡(luò)，進(jìn)程切換，swap, 甚至文件inode，等個(gè)方面的信息。sar 的應(yīng)用比較多，而且也比較復(fù)雜，數(shù)據(jù)更為精確。

2.1 sar 命令

1)sar -u 查看CPU信息：

sar -u, sar -u ALL, sar -u 1 5, sar -u ALL 1 5

[root@localhost ~]#sar -u 1 2

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:02:27 AM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle

11:02:28 AM all 0.99 0.00 2.97 0.00 0.00 96.04

11:02:29 AM all 0.00 0.00 3.03 0.00 0.00 96.97Average: all 0.50 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 96.50

2)sar -r, sar -R 查看內(nèi)存信息：

sar -r, sar -R, sar -r 1 5, sar -R 1 5

[root@localhost ~]#sar -r 1 2

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:05:31 AM kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit

11:05:32 AM 824392 206156 20.00 71556 74584 82316 3.96

11:05:33 AM 824392 206156 20.00 71556 74584 82316 3.96Average: 824392 206156 20.00 71556 74584 82316 3.96[root@localhost ~]#sar -R 1 2

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:05:56 AM frmpg/s bufpg/s campg/s11:05:57 AM -11.11 0.00 0.00

11:05:58 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: -5.56 0.00 0.00

3)sar -S, sar -W 查看 swap:

sar -S, sar -S 1 5, sar -W, sar -W 1 5. sar -S 查看的是swap空間的使用情況，sar -W 是每秒發(fā)生的swap/page情況

[root@localhost ~]#sar -S

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad %swpcad

10:00:01 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

10:10:02 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

10:20:01 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

10:30:01 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

10:40:02 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

10:50:01 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

11:00:01 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00Average: 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -S 1 5

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:07:29 AM kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad %swpcad

11:07:30 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

11:07:31 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

11:07:32 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

11:07:33 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00

11:07:34 AM 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00Average: 1048572 0 0.00 0 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -W

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM pswpin/s pswpout/s10:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00

10:10:02 AM 0.00 0.00

10:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00

10:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00

10:40:02 AM 0.00 0.00

10:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00

11:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00Average: 0.00 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -W 1 5

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:09:51 AM pswpin/s pswpout/s11:09:52 AM 0.00 0.00

11:09:53 AM 0.00 0.00

11:09:54 AM 0.00 0.00

11:09:55 AM 0.00 0.00

11:09:56 AM 0.00 0.00Average: 0.00 0.00

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4)sar -b, sar -B 查看磁盤IO：

sar -b, sar -b 1 5, sar -B, sar -B 1 5. sar -b 查看磁盤tps(iops)；sar -B 主要查看每秒磁盤 page/ fault

[root@localhost ~]#sar -b

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s10:00:01 AM 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.11

10:10:02 AM 0.06 0.03 0.03 1.41 0.43

10:20:01 AM 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.11

10:30:01 AM 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.17

10:40:02 AM 0.16 0.10 0.06 4.84 0.89

10:50:01 AM 18.11 17.81 0.31 334.52 26.32

11:00:01 AM 0.11 0.09 0.02 5.12 0.34

11:10:01 AM 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.17Average: 2.31 2.25 0.06 43.13 3.56[root@localhost ~]#sar -b 1 5

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:12:58 AM tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s11:12:59 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:00 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:01 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:02 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:03 AM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -B

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s pgfree/s pgscank/s pgscand/s pgsteal/s %vmeff

10:00:01 AM 0.00 0.05 3.29 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:10:02 AM 0.71 0.22 12.02 0.00 3.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:20:01 AM 0.00 0.05 3.43 0.00 0.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:30:01 AM 0.00 0.09 3.28 0.00 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:40:02 AM 2.42 0.44 59.48 0.02 14.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:50:01 AM 167.26 13.16 1580.24 0.09 336.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:00:01 AM 2.56 0.17 15.00 0.02 3.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:10:01 AM 0.00 0.09 25.18 0.00 9.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: 21.57 1.78 212.26 0.02 46.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -B 1 5

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:13:09 AM pgpgin/s pgpgout/s fault/s majflt/s pgfree/s pgscank/s pgscand/s pgsteal/s %vmeff

11:13:10 AM 0.00 0.00 45.45 0.00 59.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:11 AM 0.00 0.00 38.38 0.00 59.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:12 AM 0.00 0.00 30.30 0.00 59.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:13 AM 0.00 0.00 30.30 0.00 59.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:13:14 AM 0.00 0.00 30.00 0.00 59.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: 0.00 0.00 34.88 0.00 59.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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5)sar -d 查看磁盤IO活動(dòng)：

[root@localhost ~]#sar -d

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util

10:00:01 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:00:01 AM dev8-0 0.01 0.00 0.11 12.80 0.00 2.00 1.60 0.00

10:10:02 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:10:02 AM dev8-0 0.06 1.41 0.43 29.62 0.00 5.86 5.30 0.03

10:20:01 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:20:01 AM dev8-0 0.01 0.00 0.11 12.80 0.00 2.80 2.60 0.00

10:30:01 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:30:01 AM dev8-0 0.01 0.00 0.17 14.86 0.00 3.29 2.14 0.00

10:40:02 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:40:02 AM dev8-0 0.16 4.84 0.89 35.13 0.00 7.26 6.59 0.11

10:50:01 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:50:01 AM dev8-0 18.11 334.52 26.32 19.92 0.05 3.15 2.98 5.40

11:00:01 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:00:01 AM dev8-0 0.11 5.12 0.34 50.62 0.00 20.66 13.55 0.15

11:10:01 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:10:01 AM dev8-0 0.02 0.00 0.17 11.56 0.00 1.67 1.56 0.00Average: dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: dev8-0 2.31 43.13 3.56 20.25 0.01 3.29 3.08 0.71[root@localhost ~]#sar -d 1 3

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:16:29 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util

11:16:30 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:16:30 AM dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:16:30 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util

11:16:31 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:16:31 AM dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:16:31 AM DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util

11:16:32 AM dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:16:32 AM dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: DEV tps rd_sec/s wr_sec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %utilAverage: dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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6)sar -n { keyword [,...] | ALL } 查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)：

Possible keywords are DEV, EDEV, NFS, NFSD, SOCK, IP, EIP, ICMP, EICMP, TCP,? ETCP,? UDP,? SOCK6,? IP6,? EIP6, ICMP6, EICMP6 and UDP6.

你想查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)哪個(gè)方面的信息，就將 keyword 換成上面的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)。

sar -n DEV 查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備上的數(shù)據(jù)包收發(fā)情況，sar -n EDEV 查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備上發(fā)生的數(shù)據(jù)包收發(fā)錯(cuò)誤的情況，sar -n DEV 1 5, sar -n EDEV 1 5.

[root@localhost ~]#sar -n DEV 1 2

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:20:05 AM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s11:20:06 AM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:06 AM eth0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:06 AM eth1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:06 AM IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s11:20:07 AM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:07 AM eth0 2.02 3.03 0.12 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:07 AM eth1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: IFACE rxpck/s txpck/s rxkB/s txkB/s rxcmp/s txcmp/s rxmcst/s

Average: lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: eth0 1.01 1.52 0.06 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: eth1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -n EDEV 1 2

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:20:16 AM IFACE rxerr/s txerr/s coll/s rxdrop/s txdrop/s txcarr/s rxfram/s rxfifo/s txfifo/s11:20:17 AM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:17 AM eth0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:17 AM eth1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:17 AM IFACE rxerr/s txerr/s coll/s rxdrop/s txdrop/s txcarr/s rxfram/s rxfifo/s txfifo/s11:20:18 AM lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:18 AM eth0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:18 AM eth1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: IFACE rxerr/s txerr/s coll/s rxdrop/s txdrop/s txcarr/s rxfram/s rxfifo/s txfifo/s

Average: lo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: eth0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: eth1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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sar -n TCP, sar -n TCP 1 5 查看TCP；sar -n ETCP 查看tcp錯(cuò)誤； sar -n SOCK, sar -n SOCK 1 5 查看socket；

7)sar -q 查看系統(tǒng)load負(fù)載：

[root@localhost ~]#sar -q

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15

10:00:01 AM 0 66 0.00 0.02 0.09

10:10:02 AM 0 67 0.00 0.00 0.03

10:20:01 AM 0 67 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:30:01 AM 0 67 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:40:02 AM 0 78 0.00 0.00 0.00

10:50:01 AM 0 76 0.00 0.16 0.14

11:00:01 AM 0 80 0.00 0.02 0.06

11:10:01 AM 0 80 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:20:01 AM 0 81 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: 0 74 0.00 0.02 0.04[root@localhost ~]#sar -q 1 3

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:25:44 AM runq-sz plist-sz ldavg-1 ldavg-5 ldavg-15

11:25:45 AM 0 80 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:25:46 AM 0 80 0.00 0.00 0.00

11:25:47 AM 0 80 0.00 0.00 0.00Average: 0 80 0.00 0.00 0.00

runq-sz 表示在CPU上排隊(duì)等待執(zhí)行的任務(wù)；plist-sz系統(tǒng)所有任務(wù)。

8)sar -w 每秒進(jìn)程創(chuàng)建 和 進(jìn)程切換：

[root@localhost ~]#sar -w

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM proc/s cswch/s10:00:01 AM 0.01 25.14

10:10:02 AM 0.04 25.58

10:20:01 AM 0.01 25.01

10:30:01 AM 0.01 25.40

10:40:02 AM 0.19 27.64

10:50:01 AM 4.02 120.10

11:00:01 AM 0.04 41.77

11:10:01 AM 0.09 38.55

11:20:01 AM 0.23 50.63Average: 0.51 42.18[root@localhost ~]#sar -w 1 4

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:28:07 AM proc/s cswch/s11:28:08 AM 0.00 80.39

11:28:09 AM 0.00 90.82

11:28:10 AM 0.00 45.45

11:28:11 AM 0.00 60.00Average: 0.00 69.17

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9)sar -W 每秒swap/page:

[root@localhost ~]#sar -W

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM pswpin/s pswpout/s10:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00

10:10:02 AM 0.00 0.00

10:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00

10:30:01 AM 0.00 0.00

10:40:02 AM 0.00 0.00

10:50:01 AM 0.00 0.00

11:00:01 AM 0.00 0.00

11:10:01 AM 0.00 0.00

11:20:01 AM 0.00 0.00Average: 0.00 0.00[root@localhost ~]#sar -W 1 4

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:28:50 AM pswpin/s pswpout/s11:28:51 AM 0.00 0.00

11:28:52 AM 0.00 0.00

11:28:53 AM 0.00 0.00

11:28:54 AM 0.00 0.00Average: 0.00 0.00

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10)sar -v 查看文件inode使用，緩存情況：

[root@localhost ~]#sar -v

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)09:43:28AM LINUX RESTART09:50:02 AM dentunusd file-nr inode-nr pty-nr10:00:01 AM 1963 160 7250 0

10:10:02 AM 1988 160 7266 0

10:20:01 AM 1988 160 7266 0

10:30:01 AM 1988 160 7266 0

10:40:02 AM 2126 480 7418 5

10:50:01 AM 40677 448 43933 5

11:00:01 AM 40772 480 43952 5

11:10:01 AM 40894 480 43952 5

11:20:01 AM 41281 480 43953 5Average: 19297 334 23584 3[root@localhost ~]#sar -v 1 3

Linux 2.6.32-504.el6.i686 (localhost.localdomain) 10/20/2015 _i686_ (1CPU)11:29:49 AM dentunusd file-nr inode-nr pty-nr11:29:50 AM 41488 480 43945 5

11:29:51 AM 41488 480 43945 5

11:29:52 AM 41488 480 43945 5Average: 41488 480 43945 5

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2.2 iostat 命令

注意查看IO和CPU負(fù)載情況

參見：http://www.cnblogs.com/digdeep/p/4863502.html 和 man 手冊(cè)

2.3 mpstat 命令

注意查看多核CPU情況

參見：http://www.cnblogs.com/digdeep/p/4847484.html 和 man 手冊(cè)

2.4 pidstat命令

注意查看進(jìn)程情況

參見：http://www.cnblogs.com/digdeep/p/4847484.html 和 man 手冊(cè)

總結(jié)

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