證書類似身份證，里面記錄了某人的姓名、年齡、地址等個人信息，還包括這個人的公鑰（身份證號碼），并由認證機構（類似派出所）進行數字簽名后發放，只要我們看到該證書就可以知道認證機構認定了該公鑰（身份證號碼）的確屬于此人，解決了數字簽名中無法確認是誰的公鑰的問題，該證書也叫公鑰證書，簡稱證書。

go語言生成自簽證書文件(RSA)

package mainimport ("crypto/rand""crypto/rsa""crypto/x509""crypto/x509/pkix""encoding/pem""fmt""math/big""net""os""time" )func GenerateSelfSignedCertKey(keySize int, host string, alternateIPs []net.IP, alternateDNS []string) {//1.生成密鑰對priv, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, keySize)if err != nil {panic(err)}//2.創建證書模板template := x509.Certificate{SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1), //該號碼表示CA頒發的唯一序列號，在此使用一個數來代表Issuer: pkix.Name{},Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: fmt.Sprintf("%s@%d", host, time.Now().Unix())},NotBefore: time.Now(),NotAfter: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 24 * 365),KeyUsage: x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageCertSign, //表示該證書是用來做服務端認證的ExtKeyUsage: []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},}if ip := net.ParseIP(host); ip != nil {template.IPAddresses = append(template.IPAddresses, ip)}else {template.DNSNames = append(template.DNSNames, host)}template.IPAddresses = append(template.IPAddresses, alternateIPs...)template.DNSNames = append(template.DNSNames, alternateDNS...)//3.創建證書,這里第二個參數和第三個參數相同則表示該證書為自簽證書，返回值為DER編碼的證書certificate, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &template, &template, &priv.PublicKey, priv)if err != nil {panic(err)}//4.將得到的證書放入pem.Block結構體中block := pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE",Headers: nil,Bytes: certificate,}//5.通過pem編碼并寫入磁盤文件file, err := os.Create("ca.crt")if err != nil {panic(err)}defer file.Close()pem.Encode(file, &block)//6.將私鑰中的密鑰對放入pem.Block結構體中block = pem.Block{Type: "RSA PRIVATE KEY",Headers: nil,Bytes: x509.MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey(priv),}//7.通過pem編碼并寫入磁盤文件file, err = os.Create("ca.key")if err != nil {panic(err)}pem.Encode(file, &block) }func main(){ip := []byte("127.0.0.1")alternateDNS := []string{"localhost"}GenerateSelfSignedCertKey(2048, "192.168.0.1", []net.IP{net.ParseIP(string(ip))}, alternateDNS) }

查看證書內容

$ openssl x509 -in ca.crt -noout -text Certificate:Data:Version: 3 (0x2)Serial Number: 1 (0x1)Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryptionIssuer: CN = 192.168.0.1@1622130200ValidityNot Before: May 27 15:43:20 2021 GMTNot After : May 27 15:43:20 2022 GMTSubject: CN = 192.168.0.1@1622130200Subject Public Key Info:Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryptionRSA Public-Key: (2048 bit)Modulus:00:b7:24:45:1e:1f:92:a4:19:2e:3b:76:5a:2a:39:b6:e9:b4:a7:6f:fe:a6:a9:dd:e3:da:dd:69:46:16:b8:d9:42:07:11:17:e8:61:b9:a8:54:07:bd:75:a1:b5:78:82:78:48:66:ca:b6:d3:74:27:c4:06:2e:2c:ec:69:bd:c4:2b:b3:79:6a:67:67:80:52:fc:5f:d9:4e:32:fe:66:f7:d3:e1:8a:71:c3:0b:4b:ab:3c:e9:e1:11:4c:7a:5a:b0:ff:87:4b:78:64:e1:ce:60:91:71:aa:c7:d5:4e:4c:13:23:5c:25:f4:7a:aa:57:63:77:ca:67:98:2e:5a:55:03:0d:7d:03:4b:1f:4a:31:7a:fe:a0:16:71:d6:da:06:4e:0b:a8:b2:dd:3e:ee:cc:08:ee:19:de:c3:a7:3b:71:2e:76:c2:40:1c:ba:7c:b8:ed:d3:5e:b6:16:eb:88:56:a3:45:9c:a4:a4:f5:2c:bb:d7:b6:38:34:2e:3d:48:25:ee:4e:ce:6c:9c:ea:7f:fd:32:4f:7a:17:68:06:01:b5:bb:82:08:bd:af:9e:39:fc:ca:4e:8e:15:48:ce:db:f7:72:c8:4a:d9:71:97:27:f8:e7:2d:3a:af:00:0e:26:61:2f:1c:13:27:f1:49:bf:80:b1:b9:41:14:2a:70:9e:32:26:8bExponent: 65537 (0x10001)X509v3 extensions:X509v3 Key Usage: criticalDigital Signature, Key Encipherment, Certificate SignX509v3 Extended Key Usage:TLS Web Server AuthenticationX509v3 Subject Alternative Name:DNS:localhost, IP Address:192.168.0.1, IP Address:127.0.0.1Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryptiona6:27:5a:75:9c:b4:b8:1b:9a:f9:fa:96:3e:3d:16:73:93:6d:0a:d8:c1:ed:01:0c:09:0a:66:d8:f9:4d:e7:f4:93:ee:5c:c5:e2:3c:f5:5d:06:49:50:97:86:4f:fd:c5:f5:da:aa:bd:56:b7:0f:84:c3:18:c1:bb:4c:cb:78:14:90:13:2b:58:ae:fa:a9:2e:2d:2d:83:f3:24:83:4a:09:54:65:a4:f3:9f:a3:65:ce:43:a0:c4:43:f2:aa:7b:f3:f4:92:b0:6b:9b:75:ef:a3:43:cc:3d:51:25:ec:ac:ad:b8:65:61:70:5f:c8:b6:4b:57:05:2f:95:71:9c:e1:77:92:e1:e9:53:30:67:02:0b:c7:5c:f1:77:57:a7:09:37:07:e4:60:0d:f5:62:c3:9d:b6:4f:fc:36:4a:c3:d4:34:9a:60:da:9a:fd:dd:c0:3c:fd:cc:1f:06:59:a3:75:97:ad:e0:96:5e:39:a0:e9:a2:7b:d5:54:72:e0:54:f5:a3:57:9b:89:0b:0d:a0:fc:7c:6b:82:31:77:70:d3:a9:79:ed:db:2e:de:e7:16:a6:93:5c:9b:b8:cc:80:5b:d8:21:4a:62:a1:8a:ce:ce:19:86:d0:b3:fb:37:d2:74:75:3a:5d:9d:f7:0e:ff:79:0b:ae:9e:c7:df:88:f5:6b:b2:ae

go語言生成自簽證書文件(ECDSA)

package mainimport ("crypto/ecdsa""crypto/elliptic""crypto/rand"//"crypto/rsa""crypto/x509""crypto/x509/pkix""encoding/pem""fmt""math/big""net""os""time" )func GenerateSelfSignedCertKey(keySize int, host string, alternateIPs []net.IP, alternateDNS []string) {//1.生成密鑰對//priv, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, keySize)priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)if err != nil {panic(err)}//2.創建證書模板template := x509.Certificate{SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1), //該號碼表示CA頒發的唯一序列號，在此使用一個數來代表Issuer: pkix.Name{},Subject: pkix.Name{CommonName: fmt.Sprintf("%s@%d", host, time.Now().Unix())},NotBefore: time.Now(),NotAfter: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 24 * 365),KeyUsage: x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature | x509.KeyUsageCertSign, //表示該證書是用來做服務端認證的ExtKeyUsage: []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},}if ip := net.ParseIP(host); ip != nil {template.IPAddresses = append(template.IPAddresses, ip)}else {template.DNSNames = append(template.DNSNames, host)}template.IPAddresses = append(template.IPAddresses, alternateIPs...)template.DNSNames = append(template.DNSNames, alternateDNS...)//3.創建證書,這里第二個參數和第三個參數相同則表示該證書為自簽證書，返回值為DER編碼的證書certificate, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &template, &template, &priv.PublicKey, priv)if err != nil {panic(err)}//4.將得到的證書放入pem.Block結構體中block := pem.Block{Type: "CERTIFICATE",Headers: nil,Bytes: certificate,}//5.通過pem編碼并寫入磁盤文件file, err := os.Create("ca.crt")if err != nil {panic(err)}defer file.Close()pem.Encode(file, &block)ecpriv, err := x509.MarshalECPrivateKey(priv)if err != nil {panic(err)}//6.將私鑰中的密鑰對放入pem.Block結構體中block = pem.Block{Type: "ECDSA PRIVATE KEY",Headers: nil,//Bytes: x509.MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey(priv),Bytes: ecpriv,}//7.通過pem編碼并寫入磁盤文件file, err = os.Create("ca.key")if err != nil {panic(err)}pem.Encode(file, &block) }func main(){ip := []byte("127.0.0.1")alternateDNS := []string{"localhost"}GenerateSelfSignedCertKey(2048, "192.168.0.1", []net.IP{net.ParseIP(string(ip))}, alternateDNS) }

查看證書內容

$ openssl x509 -in ca.crt -noout -text Certificate:Data:Version: 3 (0x2)Serial Number: 1 (0x1)Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256Issuer: CN = 192.168.0.1@1622131917ValidityNot Before: May 27 16:11:57 2021 GMTNot After : May 27 16:11:57 2022 GMTSubject: CN = 192.168.0.1@1622131917Subject Public Key Info:Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKeyPublic-Key: (256 bit)pub:04:7a:09:2f:ec:6b:5b:ed:c7:cd:c0:09:81:ba:d9:e0:0d:7b:06:95:7d:34:7f:16:8b:57:32:e0:9a:49:2c:fc:27:fe:a6:d2:1d:61:d5:aa:77:bf:77:9d:17:dd:7a:22:9f:72:3a:d7:4d:19:f7:f7:1c:50:dd:e1:2b:4c:7f:df:5eASN1 OID: prime256v1NIST CURVE: P-256X509v3 extensions:X509v3 Key Usage: criticalDigital Signature, Key Encipherment, Certificate SignX509v3 Extended Key Usage:TLS Web Server AuthenticationX509v3 Subject Alternative Name:DNS:localhost, IP Address:192.168.0.1, IP Address:127.0.0.1Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA25630:45:02:20:34:8b:44:79:04:cf:15:bb:33:34:07:61:cc:74:b7:27:c5:a6:e9:01:9c:b1:bd:ee:29:52:b5:17:a2:7d:63:e0:02:21:00:da:f7:7c:1a:4f:25:d1:c3:b5:19:5d:93:06:fb:8b:41:5b:06:c8:6d:93:a0:b8:14:08:6a:90:1f:0b:84:39:d6

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