? ?RFX 可以看作一種買賣流程的機制：經常交流的特定項目或服務的特定的價格，但也交換信息。常見的 RFX 是 RFQ （Request for Quotation，報價要求）, 另一種是 RFP （Request for Proposal，建議書要求）。其它 RFX 類型包括 RFBs (Request for Bid，邀請競標）、RFI （Request for Information，信息要求）。

　　國際大廠采購還包括使用多級的 RFX，但是個別 RFX 活動分別舉行，但彼此相連。RFX 由單方發出，按照發出方需求可設計1至多個接受方.例如I公司有意采購產品，I公司可以根據需求發出RFX 給五家供貨商，并要求于規定時間回復至指定窗口。根據產品的技術難度、需求量和未來性，RFX 過程從1至六個月不等。

　　以臺灣的實務面來看，RFX 以前大多應用于臺灣大型代工廠商，買方100%是國外大廠。現在臺灣也有國際大廠如雙A，所以 RFX 也有可能是由臺灣廠商為owner。

建議讀者先研讀后面 RFX 的英文定義解說，比較容易理解下面所列形態。

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一般國際業務情況下，RFX 事件包括以下形態，而且買方通常會要求供貨商簽訂NDA。

1.?? 一般性采購

-??? 通常指所欲采購的產品規格，是市場已經ready一段時間的標準產品

-??? 也有可能是一般零組件

-??? 買方會直接發 RFQ 給1至多家供貨商，RFQ 會詳載規格品名，并要求供貨商在規定時間回復買方

-??? 一般性產品通常價低者得

-??? 夠大的買家會使用資源篩選數家合格供貨商(AVL, Approve Vendor List)

2.?? 策略性專案采購

-??? 通常不是單一規格或零組件，而是系統或設備

-??? 買方先發 RFP，深入了解不同供貨商的建議書

-??? 買方基于資源和時間的限制，通常會篩選剩下少數供貨商的短名單

-??? 買方發 RFQ 給短名單, 并要求供貨商在規定時間回復買方

-??? 此時 RFQ 的內容必須包含買方所要求的內容，如果是國際大廠，那絕對包括PQCDS(Product, Quality, Cost, Delivery, and Service)，少說30頁起跳

-??? 此種形態不見得是價低者得，買方會考慮幾個重要因素，有時可能會要求產品測試

3.?? 未來性產品采購

-??? 這表示買方所需求的標的目前市場沒有現成的技術或標準品，也就可以說供貨商可能也不多

-??? 買方會先發 RFI 給有限的供貨商，也就是研究技術的成熟度，用別人的資源來研究買方產品規劃的可行性

-??? 其實誰吃虧不知道，有時候供貨商有機會收到 RFI，RFI 的內容是買方花費很多金錢研究出來的market specification, 這對供貨商未來核心技術的規劃幫助甚大

-??? 這種未來性的產品很有可能胎使腹中,因為計劃跟不上變化

-??? 如果評估有可行性，就會繼續發 RFP

-??? 由于是沒有生產過的技術，有些比較積極的供貨商會先用NCT做模型以便先看機構外型，或動用資源先開發軟硬件，如果交期很關鍵的話，這樣機會可能比別人大，不過供貨商自己要評估機會成本

-??? 最后可能會剩一家接受 RFQ，此時的 RFQ 絕非議價，交期和質量反而是最重要的，當然價格也是要砍的，只是比較松一點，畢竟新技術的產品市場先機是很重要的

-??? 此時供貨商可要求簽訂 MOU 或 LOI 以保障基本投資，當然一定要把 NRE 列入 MOU 或 LOI

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有關請求信息(RFI)

A Request for Information (RFI) is a way for buyers to gather information about prospective suppliers and the items they can offer. Buyers?would like to?use the information gathered by an RFI as input for designing a future sourcing activity, as an initial stage of a multistage RFX activity. Valuable information for a buyer could include the number of sellers interested, specific seller identities, and how well sellers match or might change details about the items being sought.

Most RFIs are typically designed as a questionnaire for suppliers to complete. Often, specific items are not identified in the RFI, or if they are, the buyer wants suppliers to _selectonly items they are interested in, without entering prices, quantities, or any other specific item terms. If multiple line items are sought in the RFI, a supplier's response must include all items.

A buyer initiates the RFI, seeking responses from potential suppliers. A supplier's bid in an RFI is called a response, but the process of submitting a response is the same as placing a bid in most other RFX activities because it uses the bid process to help the supplier.

When the RFI stops accepting responses, it enters a Pending Selection state before closing. During this time, the buyer selects the winning responses.

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有關建議書請求(RFP)

A Request for Proposals (RFP) is an RFX type designed to collect information in the form of responses from suppliers. Proposal collection is typically a sealed process, where participants know very little if anything about other participants and the proposals they submit.

Like RFIs, RFPs often include an RFX Info section describing the buyer's specific business scenario and the needs the buyer wants to solve. This RFX Info section typically also contains a questionnaire, sometimes very extensive, which the buyer uses to determine the capabilities and flexibility of potential suppliers.

Also like RFIs, you can use RFPs in the earlier stages of a multistage RFX, where selected suppliers responding to the RFP are promoted to a follow-on RFX (for example, an RFQ).

Another way that RFPs gather business intelligence and initiate a collaborative dialogue with potential suppliers, is by using advanced pricing structures like matrix pricing or tiered pricing. Although tiers and matrixes are different in practice, they share the same basic intent to explore several potential levels of business in one loosely-competitive bidding event.

After the RFP stops accepting responses, it enters the Pending Selection state, during which the owner evaluates the responses. After the owner awards winning suppliers (or promotes suppliers to the next stage in a multistage RFX), the RFP goes into the Closed state.

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有關詢價要求(RFQ)

The Request for Quote (RFQ) and Request for Bid (RFB) are similar RFX types, operating in much the same way. The main difference is the action in the two types is switched, reversing the roles of the owner and participants:

RFQ is a buy-side RFX type. The owner is a buyer, and participants are potential suppliers.

RFB is a sell-side RFX type. The owner is a seller, and participants are potential customers.

A strength of the RFQ/RFB is that you can structure these RFX types to have bidders submit other terms with their bids besides price and quantity. The owner specifies these other terms (for example, color, CPU speed, or quality rating).

Both RFQs and RFBs have open and sealed variations, each describes how much information is revealed to participants about their bids and those of competitors.

When bidding is over, RFQs and RFBs enter a Pending Selection state before closing. During this time, the owner selects the winning bids, taking the bidders' additional terms into consideration.

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