web.xml 中的listener、 filter、servlet 加载顺序及其详解
在項(xiàng)目中總會(huì)遇到一些關(guān)于加載的優(yōu)先級(jí)問(wèn)題,近期也同樣遇到過(guò)類似的,所以自己查找資料總結(jié)了下,下面有些是轉(zhuǎn)載其他人的,畢竟人家寫的不錯(cuò),自己也就不重復(fù)造輪子了,只是略加點(diǎn)了自己的修飾。
??????? 首先可以肯定的是,加載順序與它們?cè)?web.xml 文件中的先后順序無(wú)關(guān)。即不會(huì)因?yàn)?filter 寫在 listener 的前面而會(huì)先加載 filter。最終得出的結(jié)論是:listener -> filter -> servlet
??????? 同時(shí)還存在著這樣一種配置節(jié):context-param,它用于向 ServletContext 提供鍵值對(duì),即應(yīng)用程序上下文信息。我們的 listener, filter 等在初始化時(shí)會(huì)用到這些上下文中的信息,那么 context-param 配置節(jié)是不是應(yīng)該寫在 listener 配置節(jié)前呢?實(shí)際上 context-param 配置節(jié)可寫在任意位置,因此真正的加載順序?yàn)?#xff1a;context-param -> listener -> filter -> servlet
??????? 對(duì)于某類配置節(jié)而言,與它們出現(xiàn)的順序是有關(guān)的。以 filter 為例,web.xml 中當(dāng)然可以定義多個(gè) filter,與 filter 相關(guān)的一個(gè)配置節(jié)是 filter-mapping,這里一定要注意,對(duì)于擁有相同 filter-name 的 filter 和 filter-mapping 配置節(jié)而言,filter-mapping 必須出現(xiàn)在 filter 之后,否則當(dāng)解析到 filter-mapping 時(shí),它所對(duì)應(yīng)的 filter-name 還未定義。web 容器啟動(dòng)時(shí)初始化每個(gè) filter 時(shí),是按照 filter 配置節(jié)出現(xiàn)的順序來(lái)初始化的,當(dāng)請(qǐng)求資源匹配多個(gè) filter-mapping 時(shí),filter 攔截資源是按照 filter-mapping 配置節(jié)出現(xiàn)的順序來(lái)依次調(diào)用 doFilter() 方法的。
??????? servlet 同 filter 類似 ,此處不再贅述。
?????? 由此,可以看出,web.xml 的加載順序是:context-param -> listener -> filter -> servlet ,而同個(gè)類型之間的實(shí)際程序調(diào)用的時(shí)候的順序是根據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)的 mapping 的順序進(jìn)行調(diào)用的。web.xml文件詳解
========================================================================
Web.xml常用元素???
<web-app>???
<display-name></display-name>定義了WEB應(yīng)用的名字???
<description></description> 聲明WEB應(yīng)用的描述信息???
<context-param></context-param> context-param元素聲明應(yīng)用范圍內(nèi)的初始化參數(shù)。???
<filter></filter> 過(guò)濾器元素將一個(gè)名字與一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)javax.servlet.Filter接口的類相關(guān)聯(lián)。???
<filter-mapping></filter-mapping> 一旦命名了一個(gè)過(guò)濾器,就要利用filter-mapping元素把它與一個(gè)或多個(gè)servlet或JSP頁(yè)面相關(guān)聯(lián)。???
<listener></listener>servlet API的版本2.3增加了對(duì)事件監(jiān)聽程序的支持,事件監(jiān)聽程序在建立、修改和刪除會(huì)話或servlet環(huán)境時(shí)得到通知。???
???????????????????? Listener元素指出事件監(jiān)聽程序類。???
<servlet></servlet> 在向servlet或JSP頁(yè)面制定初始化參數(shù)或定制URL時(shí),必須首先命名servlet或JSP頁(yè)面。Servlet元素就是用來(lái)完成此項(xiàng)任務(wù)的。???
<servlet-mapping></servlet-mapping> 服務(wù)器一般為servlet提供一個(gè)缺省的URL: http://host/webAppPrefix/servlet/ServletName 。???
????????????? 但是,常常會(huì)更改這個(gè)URL,以便servlet可以訪問(wèn)初始化參數(shù)或更容易地處理相對(duì)URL。在更改缺省URL時(shí),使用servlet-mapping元素。???
<session-config></session-config> 如果某個(gè)會(huì)話在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)未被訪問(wèn),服務(wù)器可以拋棄它以節(jié)省內(nèi)存。???
????????? 可通過(guò)使用HttpSession的setMaxInactiveInterval方法明確設(shè)置單個(gè)會(huì)話對(duì)象的超時(shí)值,或者可利用session-config元素制定缺省超時(shí)值。???
<mime-mapping></mime-mapping>如果Web應(yīng)用具有想到特殊的文件,希望能保證給他們分配特定的MIME類型,則mime-mapping元素提供這種保證。???
<welcome-file-list></welcome-file-list> 指示服務(wù)器在收到引用一個(gè)目錄名而不是文件名的URL時(shí),使用哪個(gè)文件。???
<error-page></error-page> 在返回特定HTTP狀態(tài)代碼時(shí),或者特定類型的異常被拋出時(shí),能夠制定將要顯示的頁(yè)面。???
<taglib></taglib> 對(duì)標(biāo)記庫(kù)描述符文件(Tag Libraryu Descriptor file)指定別名。此功能使你能夠更改TLD文件的位置,???
????????????????? 而不用編輯使用這些文件的JSP頁(yè)面。???
<resource-env-ref></resource-env-ref>聲明與資源相關(guān)的一個(gè)管理對(duì)象。???
<resource-ref></resource-ref> 聲明一個(gè)資源工廠使用的外部資源。???
<security-constraint></security-constraint> 制定應(yīng)該保護(hù)的URL。它與login-config元素聯(lián)合使用???
<login-config></login-config> 指定服務(wù)器應(yīng)該怎樣給試圖訪問(wèn)受保護(hù)頁(yè)面的用戶授權(quán)。它與sercurity-constraint元素聯(lián)合使用。???
<security-role></security-role>給出安全角色的一個(gè)列表,這些角色將出現(xiàn)在servlet元素內(nèi)的security-role-ref元素???
?????????????????? 的role-name子元素中。分別地聲明角色可使高級(jí)IDE處理安全信息更為容易。???
<env-entry></env-entry>聲明Web應(yīng)用的環(huán)境項(xiàng)。???
<ejb-ref></ejb-ref>聲明一個(gè)EJB的主目錄的引用。???
< ejb-local-ref></ ejb-local-ref>聲明一個(gè)EJB的本地主目錄的應(yīng)用。???
</web-app>???
相應(yīng)元素配置???
1、Web應(yīng)用圖標(biāo):指出IDE和GUI工具用來(lái)表示W(wǎng)eb應(yīng)用的大圖標(biāo)和小圖標(biāo)???
<icon>???
<small-icon>/images/app_small.gif</small-icon>???
<large-icon>/images/app_large.gif</large-icon>???
</icon>???
2、Web 應(yīng)用名稱:提供GUI工具可能會(huì)用來(lái)標(biāo)記這個(gè)特定的Web應(yīng)用的一個(gè)名稱???
<display-name>Tomcat Example</display-name>???
3、Web 應(yīng)用描述: 給出于此相關(guān)的說(shuō)明性文本???
<disciption>Tomcat Example servlets and JSP pages.</disciption>???
4、上下文參數(shù):聲明應(yīng)用范圍內(nèi)的初始化參數(shù)。???
<context-param>???
??? <param-name>ContextParameter</para-name>???
??? <param-value>test</param-value>???
??? <description>It is a test parameter.</description>???
</context-param>???
在servlet里面可以通過(guò)getServletContext().getInitParameter("context/param")得到???
5、過(guò)濾器配置:將一個(gè)名字與一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)javaxs.servlet.Filter接口的類相關(guān)聯(lián)。???
<filter>???
??????? <filter-name>setCharacterEncoding</filter-name>???
??????? <filter-class>com.myTest.setCharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>???
??????? <init-param>???
??????????? <param-name>encoding</param-name>???
??????????? <param-value>GB2312</param-value>???
??????? </init-param>???
</filter>???
<filter-mapping>???
??????? <filter-name>setCharacterEncoding</filter-name>???
??????? <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>???
</filter-mapping>???
6、監(jiān)聽器配置???
<listener>???
????? <listerner-class>listener.SessionListener</listener-class>???
</listener>???
7、Servlet配置???
?? 基本配置???
?? <servlet>???
????? <servlet-name>snoop</servlet-name>???
????? <servlet-class>SnoopServlet</servlet-class>???
?? </servlet>???
?? <servlet-mapping>???
????? <servlet-name>snoop</servlet-name>???
????? <url-pattern>/snoop</url-pattern>???
?? </servlet-mapping>???
?? 高級(jí)配置???
?? <servlet>???
????? <servlet-name>snoop</servlet-name>???
????? <servlet-class>SnoopServlet</servlet-class>???
????? <init-param>???
???????? <param-name>foo</param-name>???
???????? <param-value>bar</param-value>???
????? </init-param>???
????? <run-as>???
???????? <description>Security role for anonymous access</description>???
???????? <role-name>tomcat</role-name>???
????? </run-as>???
?? </servlet>???
?? <servlet-mapping>???
????? <servlet-name>snoop</servlet-name>???
????? <url-pattern>/snoop</url-pattern>???
?? </servlet-mapping>???
?? 元素說(shuō)明???
???? <servlet></servlet> 用來(lái)聲明一個(gè)servlet的數(shù)據(jù),主要有以下子元素:???
???? <servlet-name></servlet-name> 指定servlet的名稱???
???? <servlet-class></servlet-class> 指定servlet的類名稱???
???? <jsp-file></jsp-file> 指定web站臺(tái)中的某個(gè)JSP網(wǎng)頁(yè)的完整路徑???
???? <init-param></init-param> 用來(lái)定義參數(shù),可有多個(gè)init-param。在servlet類中通過(guò)getInitParamenter(String name)方法訪問(wèn)初始化參數(shù)???
???? <load-on-startup></load-on-startup>指定當(dāng)Web應(yīng)用啟動(dòng)時(shí),裝載Servlet的次序。???
???????????????????????????????? 當(dāng)值為正數(shù)或零時(shí):Servlet容器先加載數(shù)值小的servlet,再依次加載其他數(shù)值大的servlet.???
???????????????????????????????? 當(dāng)值為負(fù)或未定義:Servlet容器將在Web客戶首次訪問(wèn)這個(gè)servlet時(shí)加載它???
???? <servlet-mapping></servlet-mapping> 用來(lái)定義servlet所對(duì)應(yīng)的URL,包含兩個(gè)子元素???
?????? <servlet-name></servlet-name> 指定servlet的名稱???
?????? <url-pattern></url-pattern> 指定servlet所對(duì)應(yīng)的URL???
8、會(huì)話超時(shí)配置(單位為分鐘)???
?? <session-config>???
????? <session-timeout>120</session-timeout>???
?? </session-config>???
9、MIME類型配置???
?? <mime-mapping>???
????? <extension>htm</extension>???
????? <mime-type>text/html</mime-type>???
?? </mime-mapping>???
10、指定歡迎文件頁(yè)配置???
?? <welcome-file-list>???
????? <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>???
????? <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>???
????? <welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>???
?? </welcome-file-list>???
11、配置錯(cuò)誤頁(yè)面???
一、 通過(guò)錯(cuò)誤碼來(lái)配置error-page???
?? <error-page>???
????? <error-code>404</error-code>???
????? <location>/NotFound.jsp</location>???
?? </error-page>???
上面配置了當(dāng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生404錯(cuò)誤時(shí),跳轉(zhuǎn)到錯(cuò)誤處理頁(yè)面NotFound.jsp。???
二、通過(guò)異常的類型配置error-page???
?? <error-page>???
?????? <exception-type>java.lang.NullException</exception-type>???
?????? <location>/error.jsp</location>???
?? </error-page>???
上面配置了當(dāng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)生java.lang.NullException(即空指針異常)時(shí),跳轉(zhuǎn)到錯(cuò)誤處理頁(yè)面error.jsp???
12、TLD配置???
?? <taglib>???
?????? <taglib-uri>http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/debug-taglib</taglib-uri>???
?????? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/jsp/debug-taglib.tld</taglib-location>???
?? </taglib>???
?? 如果MyEclipse一直在報(bào)錯(cuò),應(yīng)該把<taglib> 放到 <jsp-config>中???
?? <jsp-config>???
????? <taglib>???
????????? <taglib-uri>http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/debug-taglib</taglib-uri>???
????????? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/pager-taglib.tld</taglib-location>???
????? </taglib>???
?? </jsp-config>???
13、資源管理對(duì)象配置???
?? <resource-env-ref>???
?????? <resource-env-ref-name>jms/StockQueue</resource-env-ref-name>???
?? </resource-env-ref>???
14、資源工廠配置???
?? <resource-ref>???
?????? <res-ref-name>mail/Session</res-ref-name>???
?????? <res-type>javax.mail.Session</res-type>???
?????? <res-auth>Container</res-auth>???
?? </resource-ref>???
?? 配置數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接池就可在此配置:???
?? <resource-ref>???
?????? <description>JNDI JDBC DataSource of shop</description>???
?????? <res-ref-name>jdbc/sample_db</res-ref-name>???
?????? <res-type>javax.sql.DataSource</res-type>???
?????? <res-auth>Container</res-auth>???
?? </resource-ref>???
15、安全限制配置???
?? <security-constraint>???
????? <display-name>Example Security Constraint</display-name>???
????? <web-resource-collection>???
???????? <web-resource-name>Protected Area</web-resource-name>???
???????? <url-pattern>/jsp/security/protected/*</url-pattern>???
???????? <http-method>DELETE</http-method>???
???????? <http-method>GET</http-method>???
???????? <http-method>POST</http-method>???
???????? <http-method>PUT</http-method>???
????? </web-resource-collection>???
????? <auth-constraint>???
??????? <role-name>tomcat</role-name>???
??????? <role-name>role1</role-name>???
????? </auth-constraint>???
?? </security-constraint>???
16、登陸驗(yàn)證配置???
?? <login-config>???
???? <auth-method>FORM</auth-method>???
???? <realm-name>Example-Based Authentiation Area</realm-name>???
???? <form-login-config>???
??????? <form-login-page>/jsp/security/protected/login.jsp</form-login-page>???
??????? <form-error-page>/jsp/security/protected/error.jsp</form-error-page>???
???? </form-login-config>???
?? </login-config>???
17、安全角色:security-role元素給出安全角色的一個(gè)列表,這些角色將出現(xiàn)在servlet元素內(nèi)的security-role-ref元素的role-name子元素中。???
??? 分別地聲明角色可使高級(jí)IDE處理安全信息更為容易。???
<security-role>???
???? <role-name>tomcat</role-name>???
</security-role>???
18、Web環(huán)境參數(shù):env-entry元素聲明Web應(yīng)用的環(huán)境項(xiàng)???
<env-entry>???
???? <env-entry-name>minExemptions</env-entry-name>???
???? <env-entry-value>1</env-entry-value>???
???? <env-entry-type>java.lang.Integer</env-entry-type>???
</env-entry>???
19、EJB 聲明???
<ejb-ref>???
???? <description>Example EJB reference</decription>???
???? <ejb-ref-name>ejb/Account</ejb-ref-name>???
???? <ejb-ref-type>Entity</ejb-ref-type>???
???? <home>com.mycompany.mypackage.AccountHome</home>???
???? <remote>com.mycompany.mypackage.Account</remote>???
</ejb-ref>???
20、本地EJB聲明???
<ejb-local-ref>???
???? <description>Example Loacal EJB reference</decription>???
???? <ejb-ref-name>ejb/ProcessOrder</ejb-ref-name>???
???? <ejb-ref-type>Session</ejb-ref-type>???
???? <local-home>com.mycompany.mypackage.ProcessOrderHome</local-home>???
???? <local>com.mycompany.mypackage.ProcessOrder</local>???
</ejb-local-ref>???
21、配置DWR???
<servlet>???
????? <servlet-name>dwr-invoker</servlet-name>???
????? <servlet-class>uk.ltd.getahead.dwr.DWRServlet</servlet-class>???
</servlet>???
<servlet-mapping>???
????? <servlet-name>dwr-invoker</servlet-name>???
????? <url-pattern>/dwr/*</url-pattern>???
</servlet-mapping>???
22、配置Struts???
??? <display-name>Struts Blank Application</display-name>???
??? <servlet>???
??????? <servlet-name>action</servlet-name>???
??????? <servlet-class>???
??????????? org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet???
??????? </servlet-class>???
??????? <init-param>???
??????????? <param-name>detail</param-name>???
??????????? <param-value>2</param-value>???
??????? </init-param>???
??????? <init-param>???
??????????? <param-name>debug</param-name>???
??????????? <param-value>2</param-value>???
??????? </init-param>???
??????? <init-param>???
??????????? <param-name>config</param-name>???
??????????? <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>???
??????? </init-param>???
??????? <init-param>???
??????????? <param-name>application</param-name>???
??????????? <param-value>ApplicationResources</param-value>???
??????? </init-param>???
??????? <load-on-startup>2</load-on-startup>???
??? </servlet>???
??? <servlet-mapping>???
??????? <servlet-name>action</servlet-name>???
??????? <url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>???
??? </servlet-mapping>???
??? <welcome-file-list>???
??????? <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>???
??? </welcome-file-list>???
??? <!-- Struts Tag Library Descriptors -->???
??? <taglib>???
??????? <taglib-uri>struts-bean</taglib-uri>???
??????? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tld/struts-bean.tld</taglib-location>???
??? </taglib>???
??? <taglib>???
??????? <taglib-uri>struts-html</taglib-uri>???
??????? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tld/struts-html.tld</taglib-location>???
??? </taglib>???
??? <taglib>???
??? <taglib-uri>struts-nested</taglib-uri>???
??? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tld/struts-nested.tld</taglib-location>???
??? </taglib>???
??? <taglib>???
??????? <taglib-uri>struts-logic</taglib-uri>???
??????? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tld/struts-logic.tld</taglib-location>???
??? </taglib>???
??? <taglib>???
??????? <taglib-uri>struts-tiles</taglib-uri>???
??????? <taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tld/struts-tiles.tld</taglib-location>???
??? </taglib>???
23、配置Spring(基本上都是在Struts中配置的)???
?? <!-- 指定spring配置文件位置 -->???
?? <context-param>???
????? <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>???
????? <param-value>???
?????? <!--加載多個(gè)spring配置文件 -->???
??????? /WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml, /WEB-INF/action-servlet.xml???
????? </param-value>???
?? </context-param>???
?? <!-- 定義SPRING監(jiān)聽器,加載spring -->???
<listener>???
???? <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>???
</listener>???
<listener>???
???? <listener-class>???
?????? org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener???
???? </listener-class>???
</listener>??
轉(zhuǎn)載于:https://my.oschina.net/liangzhenghui/blog/184472
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