pem格式证书编码 x509_公钥证书编码解读
一、文件編碼
PEM (Privacy Enhancement Message)，定義見
結構組成 == {header} body {tail}
示例
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDMYfnvWtC8Id5bPKae5yXSxQTt
+Zpul6AnnZWfI2TtIarvjHBFUtXRo96y7hoL4VWOPKGCsRqMFDkrbeUjRrx8iL91
4/srnyf6sh9c8Zk04xEOpK1ypvBz+Ks4uZObtjnnitf0NBGdjMKxveTq+VE7BWUI
yQjtQ8mbDOsiLLvh7wIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) , 定義見
編碼方式 == DER uses a pattern of type-length-value triplets
二、公鑰標準
PKCS (Public Key Cryptography Standards)，定義見
常見PKCS標準
三、RSA 密鑰
RSA 公鑰編碼
PublicKey-PKCS#1-PEM
-----BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
BASE64 ENCODED DATA
-----END RSA PUBLIC KEY-----
PublicKey-PKCS#1-DER
RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE {
modulus INTEGER, -- n
publicExponent INTEGER -- e
}
PublicKey-PKCS#8-PEM
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
BASE64 ENCODED DATA
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
PublicKey-PKCS#8-DER
PublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier,
PublicKey BIT STRING
}
AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
}
對于RSA公鑰來說，OID就是(1.2.840.113549.1.1.1)
RSA 私鑰編碼
PrivateKey-PKCS#1-PEM
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
BASE64 ENCODED DATA
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
PrivateKey-PKCS#1-DER
RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
modulus INTEGER, -- n
publicExponent INTEGER, -- e
privateExponent INTEGER, -- d
prime1 INTEGER, -- p
prime2 INTEGER, -- q
exponent1 INTEGER, -- d mod (p-1)
exponent2 INTEGER, -- d mod (q-1)
coefficient INTEGER, -- (inverse of q) mod p
otherPrimeInfos OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL
}
PrivateKey-PKCS#8-PEM
-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
BASE64 ENCODED DATA
-----END PRIVATE KEY-----
PrivateKey-PKCS#8-DER
PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
version Version,
algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier,
PrivateKey OCTET STRING
}
AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
}
私鑰文件可采用加密方式存儲，加密后的格式：
EncryptedPrivateKey-PKCS#8-PEM
-----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
BASE64 ENCODED DATA
-----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
Encrypted-PrivateKey-PKCS#8-DER
EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE {
encryptionAlgorithm EncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier,
encryptedData EncryptedData
}
EncryptionAlgorithmIdentifier ::= AlgorithmIdentifier
EncryptedData ::= OCTET STRING
四、證書
X.509 證書，
證書結構
Certificate
Version Number
Serial Number
Signature Algorithm ID
Issuer Name
Validity period
Not Before
Not After
Subject name
Subject Public Key Info
Public Key Algorithm
Subject Public Key
Issuer Unique Identifier (optional)
Subject Unique Identifier (optional)
Extensions (optional)
...
Certificate Signature Algorithm
Certificate Signature
主要字段
擴展字段
??樣例-維基百科證書
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
10:e6:fc:62:b7:41:8a:d5:00:5e:45:b6
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=BE, O=GlobalSign nv-sa, CN=GlobalSign Organization Validation CA - SHA256 - G2
Validity
Not Before: Nov 21 08:00:00 2016 GMT
Not After : Nov 22 07:59:59 2017 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=California, L=San Francisco, O=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., CN=*.wikipedia.org
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
Public-Key: (256 bit)
pub:
04:c9:22:69:31:8a:d6:6c:ea:da:c3:7f:2c:ac:a5:
af:c0:02:ea:81:cb:65:b9:fd:0c:6d:46:5b:c9:1e:
ed:b2:ac:2a:1b:4a:ec:80:7b:e7:1a:51:e0:df:f7:
c7:4a:20:7b:91:4b:20:07:21:ce:cf:68:65:8c:c6:
9d:3b:ef:d5:c1
ASN1 OID: prime256v1
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Digital Signature, Key Agreement
Authority Information Access:
CA Issuers - URI:http://secure.globalsign.com/cacert/gsorganizationvalsha2g2r1.crt
OCSP - URI:http://ocsp2.globalsign.com/gsorganizationvalsha2g2
X509v3 Certificate Policies:
Policy: 1.3.6.1.4.1.4146.1.20
CPS: https://www.globalsign.com/repository/
Policy: 2.23.140.1.2.2
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:
Full Name:
URI:http://crl.globalsign.com/gs/gsorganizationvalsha2g2.crl
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:*.wikipedia.org, DNS:*.m.mediawiki.org, DNS:*.m.wikibooks.org, DNS:*.m.wikidata.org, DNS:*.m.wikimedia.org, DNS:*.m.wikimediafoundation.org, DNS:*.m.wikinews.org, DNS:*.m.wikipedia.org, DNS:*.m.wikiquote.org, DNS:*.m.wikisource.org, DNS:*.m.wikiversity.org, DNS:*.m.wikivoyage.org, DNS:*.m.wiktionary.org, DNS:*.mediawiki.org, DNS:*.planet.wikimedia.org, DNS:*.wikibooks.org, DNS:*.wikidata.org, DNS:*.wikimedia.org, DNS:*.wikimediafoundation.org, DNS:*.wikinews.org, DNS:*.wikiquote.org, DNS:*.wikisource.org, DNS:*.wikiversity.org, DNS:*.wikivoyage.org, DNS:*.wiktionary.org, DNS:*.wmfusercontent.org, DNS:*.zero.wikipedia.org, DNS:mediawiki.org, DNS:w.wiki, DNS:wikibooks.org, DNS:wikidata.org, DNS:wikimedia.org, DNS:wikimediafoundation.org, DNS:wikinews.org, DNS:wikiquote.org, DNS:wikisource.org, DNS:wikiversity.org, DNS:wikivoyage.org, DNS:wiktionary.org, DNS:wmfusercontent.org, DNS:wikipedia.org
X509v3 Extended Key Usage:
TLS Web Server Authentication, TLS Web Client Authentication
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
28:2A:26:2A:57:8B:3B:CE:B4:D6:AB:54:EF:D7:38:21:2C:49:5C:36
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:96:DE:61:F1:BD:1C:16:29:53:1C:C0:CC:7D:3B:83:00:40:E6:1A:7C
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
8b:c3:ed:d1:9d:39:6f:af:40:72:bd:1e:18:5e:30:54:23:35:
66:5e:62:d5:01:e2:63:47:70:cb:6d:1b:17:b0:f5:4d:11:e4:
ad:94:51:c5:5e:72:03:b0:d5:ab:18:eb:b5:3a:08:a8:73:95:
f3:7f:41:1a:28:7b:45:7c:83:2e:d3:14:95:d8:d5:d1:5f:99:
4b:0c:f4:c3:9b:0b:4f:e9:49:f4:2c:b5:ae:c3:1d:7d:2a:80:
f6:70:29:4c:0c:e6:e0:cb:88:8a:8a:02:ee:a5:d1:73:c2:93:
58:24:ff:43:1b:e3:fd:7b:aa:f0:15:0c:60:52:8f:21:7d:87:
3a:14:fa:81:41:00:60:4f:96:9a:62:94:58:de:cb:15:5c:3c:
f4:c1:4d:33:e3:ff:39:fe:28:fb:b0:41:3e:d2:8a:11:d1:06:
01:28:74:7d:71:d4:2a:ef:1f:e3:25:4b:2d:f0:66:ef:26:fb:
4c:f0:81:85:bb:1a:99:06:c9:37:87:de:8d:49:f7:00:91:a9:
42:31:4a:b9:40:a0:7d:4f:4f:a6:ea:d4:58:07:3c:01:e0:1a:
53:54:66:e1:a3:7e:30:cd:3b:f8:69:59:a3:48:92:48:e1:9e:
63:ab:08:70:91:f2:48:d2:83:4b:98:06:fa:fd:bc:99:02:da:
9c:98:b1:a3
證書格式PKI ITU-T X509標準，傳統標準(.der .pem .cer .crt)，僅包含公鑰
PKCS#7 加密消息語法標準(.p7b .p7c .spc .p7r)，p7b/p7c/spc 包含了證書鏈，p7r是證書請求回復(非證書)
PKCS#10 證書請求標準(.p10)，.p10是證書請求文件，與.csr文件類似
PKCS#12 個人信息交換標準(.pfx *.p12)，包含公鑰和私鑰，需密碼保護
編碼形式X.509 DER(Distinguished Encoding Rules)編碼，后綴為：.der .cer .crt
X.509 BASE64編碼(PEM格式)，后綴為：.pem .cer .crt
X.509CRT-PEM
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
BASE64 ENCODED DATA
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
關鍵特性編碼形式：二進制還是ASCII
是否包含公鑰、私鑰
包含一個還是多個證書
是否支持密碼保護(針對當前證書)
參考文檔
作者：美碼師
與50位技術專家面對面20年技術見證，附贈技術全景圖總結
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