計算機操作系統 內存

什么是記憶？ (What is Memory?)

The essential component of the computer is its Memory. It is assembled on the motherboard as it is a storage device used for storing data and instructions for performing a task on the system.

計算機的基本組成部分是其內存。 它被組裝在主板上，因為它是用于存儲數據和在系統上執行任務的指令的存儲設備。

• A memory is used to store data and instructions. It is the storage space in a computer, where data is to be processed and all the instructions are stored that are required for processing. In simple words, it works just like a human brain where we can store memories.

  存儲器用于存儲數據和指令。 它是計算機中的存儲空間，將在其中處理數據并存儲處理所需的所有指令。 簡而言之，它就像人類的大腦可以存儲記憶一樣。

• Storage devices are hardware devices that are capable of storing and fetching data. Hard drives or optical discs are an example of such storage devices.

  存儲設備是能夠存儲和獲取數據的硬件設備。 硬盤驅動器或光盤是此類存儲設備的示例。

• Without memory, the computer can't perform a single task.

  沒有內存，計算機將無法執行單個任務。

電腦內存類型 (Types of computer memory)

There are two types of memories:

有兩種類型的記憶：

Primary memory

主存

Secondary memory

二級記憶

Types of Computer Memory

電腦內存類型

1)主存(主存) (1) Primary Memory (Main Memory))

It is also referred to as Main Memory. It is volatile. The reason behind is, Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working that is it does not store the data permanently.

它也稱為主存儲器。 它是易揮發的。 其背后的原因是，主內存僅保存計算機當前正在處理的那些數據和指令，因為它不會永久存儲數據。

• It also stores the operating system and data required to run the computer.

  它還存儲操作系統和運行計算機所需的數據。

• It is a limited capacity memory and data or information is lost when power is switched off. Primary Memory is generally constructed with a semiconductor device.

  它是容量有限的存儲器，并且在關閉電源時會丟失數據或信息。 主存儲器通常由半導體器件構成。

• Registers are much faster than these memories but it is faster than secondary memory.

  寄存器比這些存儲器快得多，但比輔助存儲器快。

• It contains all the data and instructions that are required to be processed.

  它包含所有需要處理的數據和指令。

It is further divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

它進一步分為RAM和ROM兩個子類別。

i) RAM (Random Access Memory)

i)RAM(隨機存取存儲器)

It is Random Access Memory because of the random selection of memory locations. It performs both read and writes operations on memory. It stores data temporarily.

由于是隨機選擇存儲位置，因此它是隨機訪問存儲器。 它在內存上執行讀取和寫入操作。 它臨時存儲數據。

If power failures happen in the system during memory access then you will lose your data permanently. So, RAM is a volatile memory.

如果在訪問內存期間系統發生電源故障，那么您將永久丟失數據。 因此，RAM是易失性存儲器。

RAM categorized into following types:

RAM分為以下幾種類型：

DRAM

記憶體

SRAM

SRAM

a) SRAM (Static random access memory)

a)SRAM(靜態隨機存取存儲器)

It holds data in a static form, that is, as long as the memory has the power as the dynamic RAM, it is not needed to refresh it again and again.

它以靜態形式保存數據，也就是說，只要內存具有動態RAM的功能，就不需要一次又一次刷新它。

• Static RAM provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM as each cell must contain multiple transistors.

  靜態RAM提供更快的數據訪問速度，并且比DRAM昂貴，因為每個單元必須包含多個晶體管。

• SRAM does not use capacitors.

  SRAM不使用電容器。

• SRAM is also highly recommended for use in PCs, peripheral equipment, printers, LCD screens, hard disk buffers, router buffers and buffers in CDROM / CDRW drives.

  強烈建議將SRAM用于PC，外圍設備，打印機，LCD屏幕，硬盤緩沖區，路由器緩沖區以及CDROM / CDRW驅動器中的緩沖區。

b) Dynamic RAM (Dynamic random access memory)

b)動態RAM(動態隨機存取存儲器)

It is a type of random-access memory used in computing devices. It is made up of capacitors and transistors.

它是計算設備中使用的一種隨機存取存儲器。 它由電容器和晶體管組成。

• This type of memory uses separate capacitors or transistors to stores each bit of data and it has two states of value in one bit called 0 and 1.

  這種類型的存儲器使用單獨的電容器或晶體管來存儲數據的每一位，并且它在一個位(稱為0和1)中具有兩種有價狀態。

• As compared with other RAM's it is less expensive.

  與其他RAM相比，它更便宜。

• Data were written by DRAM at the byte-level.

  數據是在字節級別由DRAM寫入的。

• In DRAM, data is written at the byte-level and it reads data at the multiple-byte page level.

  在DRAM中，數據以字節級別寫入，并以多字節頁面級別讀取數據。

• DRAM requires less power than other RAMs.

  DRAM比其他RAM耗電少。

ii) ROM (Read Only Memory)

ii)ROM(只讀存儲器)

ROM offers huge types of standards to save data as it is a permanent memory location. But it works with the read-only operation. whenever power failure occurs during the ROM memory work in computers then no data lose happens.

ROM提供了多種類型的標準來保存數據，因為它是永久性的存儲位置。 但是它可以與只讀操作一起使用。 只要計算機中的ROM存儲器工作期間發生電源故障，就不會發生數據丟失。

• It is Used where the programming requires no change and also in embedded systems or.

  它用于不需要更改編程的地方，也可以在嵌入式系統中使用。

• It is Used in peripheral devices and calculators.

  它用于外圍設備和計算器。

Types of Read Only Memory (ROM)

只讀存儲器(ROM)的類型

PROM (Programmable read-only memory)

PROM(可編程只讀存儲器)

EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory)

EPROM(可擦可編程只讀存儲器)

EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory)

EEPROM(電可擦可編程只讀存儲器)

a) PROM (Programmable read-only memory)

a)PROM(可編程只讀存儲器)

Developers created a type of ROM known as programmable read-only memory (PROM) because Creating ROM chips from scratch are time-consuming and very expensive.

開發人員創建了一種稱為可編程只讀存儲器(PROM)的ROM，因為從頭開始創建ROM芯片既耗時又非常昂貴。

• It can be coded by the user. Once coded, the data and instructions in it cannot be changed.

  可以由用戶編碼。 一旦編碼，其中的數據和指令將無法更改。

• It is used to store permanent data in digital electronic devices.

  它用于在數字電子設備中存儲永久數據。

• It can be bought at a low cost as compared to other RAMs.

  與其他RAM相比，它可以低成本購買。

b) EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only memory)

b)EPROM(可擦可編程只讀存儲器)

This is the type of memory that can be reprogrammed. We can erase data from it and reprogram it that is erase all the previous data by using high voltage Ultraviolet light.

這是可以重新編程的內存類型。 我們可以從其中擦除數據并重新編程，即通過使用高壓紫外線來擦除所有先前的數據。

• It is required to erase each cell in EPROM.

  需要擦除EPROM中的每個單元。

c) EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read only memory)

c)EEPROM(電可擦可編程只讀存儲器)

The data can be erased and reprogrammed by applying an electric charge. There is no need for ultraviolet light and we can erase only portions of the chip.

可以通過施加電荷來擦除和重新編程數據。 不需要紫外線，我們只能擦除部分芯片。

• It was a replacement for PROM and EPROM chips and later it is used for computer's BIOS.

  它是PROM和EPROM芯片的替代品，后來用于計算機的BIOS。

• Configurations parameters are stored by using EEPROM. In modern computers, they replaced BIOS CMOS memory.

  配置參數通過使用EEPROM存儲。 在現代計算機中，它們取代了BIOS CMOS內存。

• It is required that data to be written or erased by EEPROM one byte at a time.

  要求數據一次由EEPROM寫入或擦除一個字節。

翻譯自: https://www.includehelp.com/operating-systems/types-of-computer-memory.aspx

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