或有资产(contingent asset)
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或有資產(contingent asset)
目錄[隱藏]
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什么是或有資產?
或有資產指過去的交易或事項形成的潛在資產,其存在須通過未來不確定事項的發生或不發生予以證實。根據準則規定,對或有資產一般不應確認。如果企業因清償或有事項而確認的負債所需指出全部或部分預期應由第三方或其他方補償,而且此補償金額只有在基本確定能夠收到時,才能作為資產予以確認,而且確認的金額不允許超過所確認的負債金額。
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或有資產的特征
1、或有資產由過去的交易或事項產生
或有資產是過去的交易或事項形成的。比如,某年12月20日,甲銀行狀告乙銀行侵犯了其利益。至該年12月31日,法院還沒有對訴訟案進行公開審理,甲銀行是否勝訴尚難判斷。對于甲銀行而言,將來可能勝訴而獲得的資產屬于一項潛在資產,它是由過去事項(乙銀行“可能侵犯”甲銀行的專利權并受到起訴)形成的。
2、或有資產的結果具有不確定性
或有資產是一種潛在的資產,隨著經濟情況的變化,其是否會形成銀行真正的資產,須通過不完全由銀行控制的未來不確定事項的發生或不發生才能證實。沿用以上例子,甲銀行的或有資產,是否真的會轉化成其真正的資產,要由訴訟案的調解或判決結果確定。如果終審判決結果是乙銀行勝訴,那么或有資產便“消失”了;相反,還應承擔一項支付訴訟費的義務。
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對或有資產的披露
1、對企業如果企業清償因或有事項而預期收到的補償。對該部分應確認為或有資產的數額,作為或有負債的減項,即以或有負債的金額減去預計的或有資產的凈額列示,并不將該項或有資產列示到資產負債表中,在會計報表附注中也僅僅以或有負債的凈額列示,并不反映或有資產的形成情況。
2、對其它或有資產的披露。一般情況下,對或有資產不應在報表附注中披露,但如果或有資產很可能會給企業帶來經濟利益時,則應在報表附注中進行披露。披露的內容只包括或有資產產生的原因、預期對企業產生的財務影響等。在披露或有資產時,應特別謹慎,不能讓報表使用者誤認為所披露的或有資產肯定會實現。
具體情況可通過以下表格說明:
| 是否確認 | 或有資產 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
| 或有負債 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 是 | |
| 是否披露 | 或有資產 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
| 或有負債 | 否 (經常發生或重要事項也應披露) | 是 | 是 | 是 |
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或有資產分析
或有資產通常由導致經濟利益可能流入企業的未計劃的事項或其他未預料到的事項形成。索賠是或有資產的一個例子。企業通過法律程序提出索賠,其結果具有不確定性。
或有資產不應在財務報表中予以確認,因為確認或有資產可能會導致那些可能永遠不會實現的收益得到確認。但是,收益基本肯定會實現時,相關資產已不是或有資產,此時將其確認是恰當的。
應對或有資產進行持續評價,以確保情況的發展在財務報表中得到適當的反映。經濟利益基本肯定會流入時,該資產和相關收益應在變化發生當期的財務報表上予以確認。經濟利益只是很可能會流入時,企業應披露該或有資產。
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Definition of 'Contingent Order'或有訂單
1. An order involving the simultaneous execution of two or more transactions.
2. An order whose execution depends upon the execution and/or price of another security.? Investopedia explains 'Contingent Order'
These types of orders are generally placed for option strategies where two separate transactions must occur at the same time. An example is a buy-write, where an investor would buy a stock and sell a call simultaneously.
Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/contingentorder.asp#ixzz2Fx8PLeo0
Definition of 'Buy-Write'買股票、賣期權”(buy-write)
A trading strategy that consists of writing call options on an underlying position to generate income from option premiums. Because the options position is covered by the underlying position, the downside risk of writing the option is minimized.? Investopedia explains 'Buy-Write'
For example, suppose a trader has a 100-share position in XYZ stock and purchases the shares for $10 each. Soon after, the trader decides to write a call option for XYZ stock at an exercise price of $12.50, selling it for a small premium. As long as the price of XYZ stays below $12.50 until maturity, the trader will keep the premium. If the price rises above the $12.50 level and is exercised, the trader will be required to sell the shares at $12.50 to the option holder. The trade will only lose out on the difference between the exercise price and the market price.
股票期權交易(Stock Options Trading)是指期權交易的買方與賣方經過協商之后以支付一定的期權費為代價,取得一種在一定期限內按協定價格購買或出售一定數額股票的權利,超過期限,合約義務自動解除。
Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/buy-write.asp#ixzz2Fx9ChtFa
期權費
Definition of 'Option Premium'
1. The income received by an investor who sells or "writes" an option contract to another party.
2. The current price of any specific option contract that has yet to expire. For stock options, the premium is quoted as a dollar amount per share and most contracts represent the commitment of 100 shares.?
?Investopedia explains 'Option Premium'
1. Investors who "write" covered calls or puts use option premiums as a source of current income in line with a broader investment strategy to hedge all or a portion of a portfolio.?
2. Option prices quoted on an exchange such as the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) are considered premiums as a rule because the options themselves have no underlying value.? The components of an option premium include its intrinsic value, its time value and the implied volatility of the underlying asset. As the option nears its expiration date, the time value will edge closer and closer to $0, while the intrinsic value will closely represent the difference between the underlying security's price and the strike price of the contract.?
Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/option-premium.asp#ixzz2FxABWa4R
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總結
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