new A和new A()的区别详解
調用new分配的內存有時候會被初始化,而有時候不會,這依賴于A的類型是否是POD(Plain old data)類型,或者它是否是包含POD成員、使用編譯器生成默認構造函數的類。
附:POD類型
POD是Plain old data的縮寫,它是一個struct或者類,且不包含構造函數、析構函數以及虛函數。
維基百科給出了更加詳細的解釋:
C++的POD類型或者是一個標量值,或者是一個POD類型的類。POD class沒有用戶定義的析構函數、拷貝構造函數和非靜態的非POD類型的數據成員。而且,POD class必須是一個aggregate,沒有用戶定義的構造函數,沒有私有的或者保護的非靜態數據,沒有基類或虛函數。它只是一些字段值的集合,沒有使用任何封裝以及多態特性。
附:aggregate的定義:
An aggregate is an array or a class (clause 9) with no user-declared constructors (12.1), no private or protected non-static data members (clause 11), no base classes (clause 10), and no virtual functions (10.3).
接著介紹一下C++中的三種初始化方式:
zero-initialization,default-initialization,value-initialization。
首先需要注意的是value-initialization是在C++2003標準中新引入的,在原來的1998標準中并不存在。
C++03標準中針對這三種方式的說明:
To zero-initialize an object of type T means:
— if T is a scalar type (3.9), the object is set to the value of 0 (zero) converted to T;
— if T is a non-union class type, each nonstatic data member and each base-class subobject is zero-initialized;
— if T is a union type, the object’s first named data member is zero-initialized;
— if T is an array type, each element is zero-initialized;
— if T is a reference type, no initialization is performed.
To default-initialize an object of type T means:
— if T is a non-POD class type (clause 9), the default constructor for T is called (and the initialization is ill-formed if T has no accessible default constructor);
— if T is an array type, each element is default-initialized;
— otherwise, the object is zero-initialized.
To value-initialize an object of type T means:
— if T is a class type (clause 9) with a user-declared constructor (12.1), then the default constructor for T is called (and the initialization is ill-formed if T has no accessible default constructor);
— if T is a non-union class type without a user-declared constructor, then every non-static data member and base-class component of T is value-initialized;
— if T is an array type, then each element is value-initialized;
— otherwise, the object is zero-initialized
A program that calls for default-initialization or value-initialization of an entity of reference type is ill-formed. If T is a cv-qualified type, the cv-unqualified version of T is used for these definitions of zero-initialization, default-initialization, and value-initialization.
注意:VS2008遵循的是98標準,而GCC3.4.5遵循的是03標準。
采用如下代碼可以驗證編譯器遵循的到底是哪一種標準:
[cpp]?view plaincopyprint?
下面先看一段C++示例代碼:
[cpp]?view plaincopyprint?
上述測試平臺是VS2008.需要注意的是,VS08只支持C++98。
在這種情況下:
new A:不確定的值
new A():zero-initialize
new B:默認構造(B::m未被初始化)
new B():默認構造(B::m未被初始化)
new C:默認構造(C::m被zero-initialize)
new C():默認構造(C::m被zero-initialize)
如果用兼容C++03的編譯器,比如G++結果:
new A:不確定的值
new A():value-initialize A,由于是POD類型所以是zero initialization
new B:默認構造(B::m未被初始化)
new B():value-initialize B,zero-initialize所有字段,因為使用的默認構造函數
new C:default-initialize C,調用默認構造函數
new C():value-initialize C,調用默認構造函數
在所有C++版本中,只有當A是POD類型的時候,new A和new A()才會有區別。而且,C++98和C++03會有區別。
總結
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