閱讀筆記:雙核心Opteron處理器

原作者：Eric Schrock's Weblog
原文來自：http: //blogs.sun.com/roller/comments/eschrock

譯注者: Badcoffee
Email: blog.oliver@gmail.com
Blog: http://blog.csdn.net/yayong
2005年4月

Dual Core Opterons

按：想通過google找到Solaris是否支持NUMA的答案，因此偶然間搜索到了Eric的blog,里面不少有趣的東西，值得一讀。

So it's no secret that AMD and Intel are in a mad sprint（奔跑）to the finish for dual-core x86 chips. The offical AMD roadmap, as well as public demos have all shown AMD well on track. The latest tidbits（花絮） of information indicate Linux is up and running on these dual-core systems. Very cool.

Given our close relationship with AMD and the sensitive nature of hardware plans, I'll refrain from（避免）saying what we may or may not have running in our labs. But Solaris has some great features that make it well-suited for these dual core chips. First of all, Solaris 10 has had support for both Chip Multi Threading (hyperthreading) and Chip Multi Processing (multi core) for about a year and half now. Solaris has also been NUMA-aware for much longer (with the current lgroups coming in mid-2001, or Solaris 9). I'm sure AMD has made these cores appear as two processesors for legacy purposes, but with a little cpuid tweaks, we'll see them as sibling（姐弟） cores and get all the benefits inherent in Solaris 10 CMP.

注解：
1.Solaris 10是支持超線程和多內核CPU的，如果打開BIOS的超線程的設置的開關，用psrinfo就可以看到CPU個數是CPU*超線程數。多內核的CPU也是如此。假設8內核的CPU每個內核包含4個超線程，那么用psrinfo觀察一個CPU就是32個。
2.Solaris在版本9的時候，就已經支持了NUMA架構。
3.tweak本意是擰，在計算機技術里面的意思是輕微的改變，下面是google搜索到的解釋：To make minor adjustments in an electronic system or in a software program in order to improve performance

Despite this, the NUMA system in Solaris is undergoing（經歷） drastic（激烈的） change due to the Opteron memory architecture. While Solaris is NUMA-aware, it uses a simplistic（過分簡化） memory heirarchy based on the physical architecture of Sun's high end SPARC systems. We have the notion of a "locality（位置） group", which represents the logical relationship of CPUs and memory. Currently, there are only two notions（概念） of locality - "near" and "far". Solaris tries its best to keep logically connected memory and processes in the same locality group. On Opteron, things get a bit more complicated due to the integrated memory controller and HyperTransport layout. On 4-way machines the processors are laid out in a square（正方形）, and on 8-way machines we have a ladder（梯狀） formation. Memory transfers must pass through neighboring memory controllers, so now memory could be "near", "far", or "farther". We're revamping（修改） the current lgroup system to support arbitrary（任意的） memory heirachies, which should produce some nice performance gains on 4- and 8-way Opteron machines. Hopefully one of the NUMA folks will blog some more detailed information once this project integrates.

注解：
1. Opteron的內存架構是NUMA的，它集成了內存控制器，采用了AMD開發的HyperTransport總線技術。
2. Solaris原有的NUMA的支持是為支持SPARC高端而設計的，內存和CPU的位置可以被簡單的分為近和遠兩種。
3. Solaris針對Opteron對NUMA支持部分進行重新設計并優化。

In conclusion: Opterons are cool, but dual-core Opterons are cooler. And Solaris will rip on both of them.

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