一，故障(fault)，錯誤(error)，失效(failure) 之間的關系

相互間的關系用圖片顯示起來印象會更深刻些

二，定義與解讀

Part1?3.54 Fault? 故障
abnormal condition that can cause an element (3.41) or an item (3.84) to fail
Note 1 to entry: Permanent, intermittent, and transient faults (3.173) (especially soft errors) are considered.
Note 2 to entry: When a subsystem is in an error (3.46) state it could result in a fault for the system (3.163).
Note 3 to entry: An intermittent fault occurs from time to time and then disappears again. This type of fault can occur when a component (3.21) is on the verge of breaking down or, for example, due to an internal malfunction in a switch. Some systematic faults (3.165) (e.g. timing irregularities) could lead to intermittent faults.

總結為：可能導致要素(3.41)或相關項(3.84)失效的異常狀態。

故障分類

單點故障：某硬件要素發生故障可直接導致違背安全目標，并且沒有任何安全機制來預防其某些故障違背安全目標
殘余故障：某硬件要素發生故障可直接導致違背安全目標，至少有一個安全機制預防其某些故障違背安全目標
雙點故障：促使安全目標的違背；僅與另一個獨立硬件故障聯合才能導致安全目標的違背
潛伏故障：直接導致或促使違背安全目標，但不被安全機制探測也不被駕駛員感知
安全故障：全部n點故障（n>2）或與安全目標違背無關的故障

Part1? 3.46
error? 錯誤
discrepancy between a computed, observed or measured value or condition, and the true, specified or theoretically correct value or condition
Note 1 to entry: An error can arise as a result of a fault (3.54) within the system (3.163) or component (3.21) being considered.

總結為：得到的與設計的不符。

ISO26262-Part1 2018版在 Error 的Note 上做了刪改，如下是2011版的描述

2018版刪除了unforeseen operating conditions，應該是直接把它歸為Fault了。同時也刪除了Note 2，不知何意。

Part1?3.50
failure? 失效
termination of an intended behaviour of an element (3.41) or an item (3.84) due to a fault (3.54)
manifestation
Note 1 to entry: Termination can be permanent or transient.

總結為：故障導致要素或相關項的預期行為被（瞬時或永久）終止

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總結

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