設(shè)計(jì)圖像素和開發(fā)像素

Pixel art is a large part of the legacy of game development. Every Pokemon game up until their X/Y series was rendered entirely with pixel art, Ragnarok Online (2000) was one of the first commercial works to feature 3D rendering along side pixel art characters. Even when early games tried to push the limits of 3D rendering such as Doom or Quake, they relied on Pixel Art based billboards to render their characters.

像素藝術(shù)是游戲開發(fā)遺產(chǎn)的很大一部分。 直到X / Y系列中的所有口袋妖怪游戲都完全使用像素藝術(shù)進(jìn)行渲染，《仙境傳說(shuō)Online》(2000年)是首批在側(cè)面像素藝術(shù)角色上進(jìn)行3D渲染的商業(yè)作品之一。 即使早期的游戲試圖突破諸如Doom或Quake之類的3D渲染的極限，他們也依靠基于Pixel Art的廣告牌來(lái)渲染角色。

局限性和準(zhǔn)則 (Limitations & Guidelines)

Colors have 4 channels, R, G, B, and Alpha (transparency), and most modern devices use an 8 bit per channel (for a maximum of 256 possible brightness levels per channel) for image files and displays. On old game consoles like the Gameboy, Super Nintendo, Genesis, and even the GBA, developers had to deal with tighter color requirements. The Gameboy only had 4 shades to choose from, the Gameboy Color had a 5-bit (for a max of 32 possible brightness levels) per channel display, and could display a maximum of 56 colors, though normally it was far less. Pixel art was born from these limitations.

顏色具有4個(gè)通道 (R，G，B和Alpha(透明度))，大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代設(shè)備使用每個(gè)通道8位(每個(gè)通道最多256個(gè)可能的亮度級(jí)別 )來(lái)存儲(chǔ)圖像文件和顯示。 在諸如Gameboy，Super Nintendo，Genesis甚至GBA之類的舊游戲機(jī)上，開發(fā)人員必須應(yīng)對(duì)更嚴(yán)格的顏色要求。 Gameboy僅具有4種陰影可供選擇，Gameboy顏色每通道顯示具有5位(最多32種可能的亮度級(jí)別)，并且最多可以顯示56種顏色 ，盡管通常它要少得多。 像素藝術(shù)就是從這些限制中誕生的。

In addition, older devices had limited amounts of ram. The Commodore 64’s resolution was 320 by 200 pixels, and so if you wanted a 4 bit display, you would need 4 bits for every pixel (64,000) on the screen, for a grand total of ((64000 * 4)/8)/1000 = 32kb of ram, which was often times more than the amount of ram in the entire computer!

另外，較舊的設(shè)備的內(nèi)存數(shù)量有限。 Commodore 64的分辨率為320 x 200像素 ，因此，如果要顯示 4位 ，則屏幕上的每個(gè)像素(64,000)需要4位 ，總計(jì)((64000 * 4)/ 8)/ 1000 = 32kb的ram ，通常比整個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)中的ram還要大！

In addition, on the Nes, sprites were very small images, so often times you would be limited by the size a sprite could be, constrained to a 8x8 grid. You could only have 64 of these sprites on a screen at any given time.

另外，在Nes上，子畫面是非常小的圖像，因此通常您會(huì)受到子畫面大小的限制，并被限制在8x8網(wǎng)格中。 在任何給定時(shí)間，屏幕上只能有64個(gè)這些精靈。

We’re now free to use all 2563 colors if we want, make pixel art at any size, but bear in mind restrictions are what makes pixel art distinct from other forms of art. Even to this day we have places like PixelJoint keeping these restrictions alive.

現(xiàn)在，我們可以隨意使用所有2563顏色，可以制作任何尺寸的像素畫，但是請(qǐng)記住，限制使像素畫與其他形式的畫有所不同。 直到今天，我們都有像PixelJoint這樣的地方可以保留這些限制。

像素藝術(shù)與 數(shù)碼繪畫 (Pixel Art Vs. Digital Paintings)

Pixel Art is an image that was designed pixel by pixel.

像素藝術(shù)是按像素設(shè)計(jì)的圖像。

It’s different from other forms of art like digital painting or line art in that every pixel is important, whereas those forms of art avoid that level of precision.

它與數(shù)字繪畫或線條藝術(shù)等其他藝術(shù)形式的不同之處在于，每個(gè)像素都很重要，而這些藝術(shù)形式卻避免了這種精確度。

調(diào)色板 (Palette)

A palette is a color ramp, from low to high, and should be characterized by complex, hue shifting tones. You shouldn’t have a pallette that’s linear but rather, have one that mixes colors together.

調(diào)色板是從低到高的色階，其特征應(yīng)在于復(fù)雜的色調(diào)偏移色調(diào)。 您不應(yīng)該擁有線性的調(diào)色板，而應(yīng)該擁有將顏色混合在一起的調(diào)色板。

Most artists start with an average color for the piece that they’re doing, then add highlights and shadows to that.

大多數(shù)藝術(shù)家從他們正在做的作品的平均顏色開始，然后向其添加高光和陰影。

A good idea is to use complementary colors to help blend colors together. Purple or Teal work well for shadows, whereas yellows and whites work for specular highlights.

一個(gè)好主意是使用互補(bǔ)色來(lái)幫助將顏色混合在一起。 紫色或深綠色適合陰影，黃色和白色適合鏡面反射高光。

It’s best to have a maximum of 15 colors per sprite (with transparency being the 16th color).

最好每個(gè)精靈最多包含15種顏色(透明度為第16種顏色)。

輪廓 (Silhouette)

The lead cartoonist for Spongebob Squarepants, Sherm Cohen, suggested that silhouettes should communicate the idea of a character’s action. This applies not only to animation, but also to all forms of art, including pixel art, the silhouette is what makes or breaks a piece.

海綿寶寶的首席漫畫家謝爾姆·科恩(Sherm Cohen)建議，輪廓應(yīng)傳達(dá)角色動(dòng)作的想法。 這不僅適用于動(dòng)畫，還適用于所有形式的藝術(shù)，包括像素藝術(shù)，輪廓是決定成敗的要素。

You want your silhouette to be solid, with no jagged lines, and would paint on top of that silhouette.

您希望自己的輪廓是堅(jiān)實(shí)的，沒(méi)有鋸齒狀的線條，并會(huì)在該輪廓上繪畫。

One technique to make this easier is to use Layer masks, in Photoshop, this is done by Layer > Layer Mask > From Transparency. This will make painting easier by letting you draw strokes without worrying about the silhouette you worked so hard on.

一種簡(jiǎn)化方法是在Photoshop中使用圖層蒙版，方法是通過(guò)“ 圖層”>“圖層蒙版”>“來(lái)自透明膠片”來(lái)完成 。 通過(guò)讓您繪制筆觸而不必?fù)?dān)心您辛苦工作的輪廓，這將使繪畫變得更容易。

抗鋸齒和可讀性 (Anti-Aliasing and Readability)

Since pixel art is normally small, it can become difficult to communicate intricate details within a small space, so an artist is fighting between anti-aliasing and readability.

由于像素圖通常很小，因此在狹小的空間內(nèi)傳達(dá)復(fù)雜的細(xì)節(jié)可能會(huì)變得困難，因此藝術(shù)家正在抗鋸齒和可讀性之間作斗爭(zhēng)。

Anti-Aliasing is the process of making edges smoother by blending them with their surrounding pixels.

消除鋸齒是通過(guò)將邊緣與周圍像素混合來(lái)使邊緣更平滑的過(guò)程。

Readability is how easily you can distinguish details in an image. Generally, The more anti-aliased an image, the less readable it is.

可讀性是您可以輕松區(qū)分圖像中的細(xì)節(jié)的方式。 通常，圖像的抗鋸齒度越高，可讀性就越差。

One way to improve readability is to add outlines to your sprite. That’s not always a good idea, such as for environments, but for characters and objects, outlines are a great stylistic choice.

一種提高可讀性的方法是在您的Sprite中添加輪廓。 對(duì)于環(huán)境而言，這并不總是一個(gè)好主意，但是對(duì)于字符和對(duì)象而言，輪廓是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的樣式選擇。

底紋 (Shading)

Dithering is to gradate colors together via a pattern. Generally you want to avoid mechanical dithering and op for a pattern based effect instead.

抖動(dòng)是通過(guò)圖案將顏色一起著色。 通常，您要避免機(jī)械抖動(dòng)，而是選擇基于圖案的效果。

In this sprite of Perfect Chaos from Sonic Adventure DX, I dithered the image with intricate water simulation. Proper anti-aliasing and careful shapes and edges made the water look almost photo-realistic.

在Sonic Adventure DX的Perfect Chaos中，我通過(guò)復(fù)雜的水模擬對(duì)圖像進(jìn)行了抖動(dòng)處理。 正確的抗鋸齒以及仔細(xì)的形狀和邊緣使水看起來(lái)幾乎像照片一樣真實(shí)。

后期處理 (Post-Processing)

Often times your original choice of colors wasn’t the best one, so post-processing could serve as a way to correct your colors and make them stand out.

通常，您最初選擇的顏色并不是最好的顏色，因此后期處理可以作為校正顏色并使它們脫穎而出的一種方法。

Curves — The curve tool is a method of adjusting the ratio of colors on an image. On Photoshop this can be found at Image > Adjustments > Curves, and on Gimp at Colors > Curves.

曲線-曲線工具是一種調(diào)整圖像上顏色比率的方法。 在Photoshop中，可以在“ 圖像”>“調(diào)整”>“曲線”中找到它 ，在Gimp的“ 顏色”>“曲線”中可以找到它 。

Levels — The levels tool is a simple method of adjusting the brightness of colors. The middle handle adjust the mid color balance, the left handle adjusts the darks, the right handle adjusts the highlights. Curves and levels are interchangeable so use whichever you prefer.

色階—色階工具是一種調(diào)整顏色亮度的簡(jiǎn)單方法。 中部手柄調(diào)節(jié)中間顏色平衡，左手柄調(diào)節(jié)暗度，右手柄調(diào)節(jié)高光。 曲線和水平線是可互換的，因此請(qǐng)使用您喜歡的任何一種。

Color Balance — A method of changing the general tonalities of an image. Movie makers often adjust the color balance to have cyan shadows and red orange highlights. Look at any movie and notice just how blue it is!

色彩平衡—一種更改圖像一般色調(diào)的方法。 電影制片人通常會(huì)調(diào)整色彩平衡，使它們具有青色陰影和紅色橙色高光。 看任何電影，請(qǐng)注意它有多藍(lán)！

Color Replacement — Sometimes what you really need is to manually replace colors. You can do this by using the color selection tool in Gimp (There’s no equivalent functionality in photoshop), just click the icon with a hand and a blue, red, and green square, set your threshold to 0, and select the colors you want to replace. Then use the fill tool and fill the whole selection.

顏色替換-有時(shí)您真正需要的是手動(dòng)替換顏色。 您可以通過(guò)使用Gimp中的顏色選擇工具(在photoshop中沒(méi)有等效功能)來(lái)做到這一點(diǎn)，只需用一只手單擊圖標(biāo)，然后選擇藍(lán)色，紅色和綠色正方形，將閾值設(shè)置為0，然后選擇所需的顏色即可。取代。 然后使用填充工具填充整個(gè)選擇。

To measure the number of colors on your sprite, you can use a tool like Gimp’s Colorcube Analysis.

要測(cè)量子畫面上的顏色數(shù)量，可以使用Gimp的Colorcube Analysis之類的工具。

更多資源 (More Resources)

• PixelJoint.com remains the top pixel art community.

  PixelJoint.com仍然是頂級(jí)的像素藝術(shù)社區(qū)。

• The Twitter account @PixelDailies is a forum for individuals who want to share pixel art with each other.

  Twitter帳戶@PixelDailies是一個(gè)論壇，供希望彼此共享像素藝術(shù)的個(gè)人使用。

翻譯自: https://medium.com/@AlainGalvan/pixel-art-design-for-game-dev-32d22c83a296

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