oracle運(yùn)維

簡(jiǎn)單命令使用

這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單了解就可以，我是從網(wǎng)上和書本收集而來(lái)。(我自己沒怎么用過)

進(jìn)入SQL*Plus

$sqlplus 用戶名/密碼

退出SQL*Plus

SQL>exit

在sqlplus下得到幫助信息

列出全部SQL 命令和SQL*Plus 命令

SQL>help

列出某個(gè)特定的命令的信息

SQL>help 命令名

顯示表結(jié)構(gòu)命令 DESCRIBE

SQL>DESC 表名

SQL*Plus 中的編輯命令

顯示SQL緩沖區(qū)命令

SQL>L

修改SQL 命令

首先要將待改正行變?yōu)楫?dāng)前行

SQL>n

用CHANGE 命令修改內(nèi)容

SQL>c/舊/新

重新確認(rèn)是否已正常

SQL>L

使用INPUT 命令可以在SQL 緩沖區(qū)中增加一行或多行

SQL>i

SQL>輸入內(nèi)容

調(diào)用外部系統(tǒng)編輯器

SQL>edit 文件名

可以使用DEFINE命令設(shè)置系統(tǒng)變量EDITOR 來(lái)改變文本編輯器的類型，在login.sql文件中定義如下一行

DEFINE_EDITOR=vi

運(yùn)行命令文件

SQL>START test

SQL>@test

關(guān)于偵聽

1、新建/修改/刪除偵聽

以oracle 用戶登錄，運(yùn)行netca，會(huì)跳出圖形配置界面。

2、打開偵聽

lsnrctl start

3、查看偵聽

Lsnrctl status

4、關(guān)閉偵聽

lsnrctl stop

ORACLE的啟動(dòng)和關(guān)閉

在單機(jī)環(huán)境下

要想啟動(dòng)或關(guān)閉ORACLE系統(tǒng)必須首先切換到ORACLE用戶下，如下

su -oracle

啟動(dòng)oracle 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)命令

$sqlplus /nolog

已連接到空閑例程

SQL> conn / as sysdba

ORACLE 例程已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)

SQL>startup

關(guān)閉oracle 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)命令：

$sqlplus /nolog

連接

SQL> conn / as sysdba

關(guān)閉數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

SQL> shutdown immediate

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理員日常工作

檢查alterSID.log

這個(gè)日志文件位于參數(shù)BACKGROUND_DUMP_DEST 指定的目錄，可能通過以下

命令來(lái)查看。

SQL> SHOW PARAMETER background_dump_dest

在出現(xiàn)大故障前，數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有可能會(huì)報(bào)一些警告或錯(cuò)誤信息，應(yīng)該充分重視這

些信息，未雨綢繆，避免更大錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生。

檢查alterSID.log 的什么內(nèi)容。

👊 檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是否出現(xiàn)過宕機(jī)(可能在晚間重啟而維護(hù)人員不知道)

👊 Oracle 出錯(cuò)信息，通過$grep ORA- alterSID.log 查找

👊 產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的問題：ORA-00600/ORA-07445 等錯(cuò)誤

👊 相應(yīng)的TRACE 文件

環(huán)境確認(rèn)

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)實(shí)例是否正常工作

SQL > select status from v$instance;

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)監(jiān)聽器是否正常工作

- $ lsnrctl status

是否存在故障表空間

- SQL> select tablespace_name,status from dba_tablespace;

控制文件、日志文件是否正常

SQL> select * from v$controlfile;

SQL> select * from v$log;

SQL> select * from v$logfile;

性能監(jiān)測(cè)

👊 每天按業(yè)務(wù)峰值情況，對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)性能數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行定時(shí)采集

👊每天檢查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的主要性能指標(biāo)

👊每天檢查最消耗資源的SQL 語(yǔ)句變化情況。

👊每天檢查是否有足夠的資源

👊檢查所有表空間的剩余情況

👊識(shí)別出一些異常的增長(zhǎng)

👊檢查CPU、內(nèi)存、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等是否異常

數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)日常操作SQL

查看表空間物理文件的名稱及大小

select tablespace_name,

file_id,

file_name,

round(bytes / (1024 * 1024), 0) filesize

from dba_data_files

order by tablespace_name;

查看表空間使用情況

select a.tablespace_name "表空間名稱",

100 - round((nvl(b.bytes_free, 0) / a.bytes_alloc) * 100, 2) "

占用率(%)",

round(a.bytes_alloc / 1024 / 1024, 2) "容量(M)",

round(nvl(b.bytes_free, 0) / 1024 / 1024, 2) "空閑(M)",

round((a.bytes_alloc - nvl(b.bytes_free, 0)) / 1024 / 1024, 2)

"使用(M)",

to_char(sysdate, 'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采樣時(shí)間"

from (select f.tablespace_name,

sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc,

sum(decode(f.autoextensible, 'YES', f.maxbytes, 'NO',

f.bytes)) maxbytes from dba_data_files f

group by tablespace_name) a,

(select f.tablespace_name, sum(f.bytes) bytes_free

from dba_free_space f

group by tablespace_name) b

where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name

order by 2 desc;

查看表空間的碎片程度

select tablespace_name, count(tablespace_name)

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name

having count(tablespace_name) > 10;

alter tablespace HS_USER_DATA coalesce;

alter table name deallocate unused;

碎片程度

select tablespace_name, count(tablespace_name)

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name

having count(tablespace_name) > 10;

alter tablespace name coalesce;

alter table name deallocate unused;

create or replace view ts_blocks_v as

select tablespace_name, block_id, bytes, blocks, segment_name

from dba_free_space

union all

select tablespace_name, block_id, bytes, blocks, segment_name

from dba_extents;

select * from ts_blocks_v;

select tablespace_name, sum(bytes), max(bytes), count(block_id)

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;

👊 查看碎片程度高的表

SELECT segment_name table_name, COUNT(*) extents

FROM dba_segments

WHERE owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')

GROUP BY segment_name

HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*))

FROM dba_segments

GROUP BY segment_name);

查看回滾段名稱及大小

select segment_name,

tablespace_name,

r.status,

(initial_extent / 1024) InitialExtent,

(next_extent / 1024) NextExtent,

max_extents,

v.curext CurExtent

From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v

Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+)

order by segment_name;

查看控制文件

select name from v$controlfile;

查看日志文件

select member from v$logfile;

查看表空間的使用情況

select sum(bytes) / (1024 * 1024) as free_space, tablespace_name

from dba_free_space

group by tablespace_name;

SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,

A.BYTES TOTAL,

B.BYTES USED,

C.BYTES FREE,

(B.BYTES * 100) / A.BYTES "% USED",

(C.BYTES * 100) / A.BYTES "% FREE"

FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A, SYS.SM$TS_USED B, SYS.SM$TS_FREE C

WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME = B.TABLESPACE_NAME

AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME = C.TABLESPACE_NAME;

查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)象

select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count#

from all_objects

group by owner, object_type, status;

查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的版本

Select version

FROM Product_component_version

Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT, 1, 6) = 'Oracle';

查看Oracle字符集

select * from sys.props$ where name = 'NLS_CHARACTERSET';

在某個(gè)用戶下找所有的索引

select user_indexes.table_name,

user_indexes.index_name,

uniqueness,

column_name

from user_ind_columns, user_indexes

where user_ind_columns.index_name = user_indexes.index_name

and user_ind_columns.table_name = user_indexes.table_name

order by user_indexes.table_type,

user_indexes.table_name,

user_indexes.index_name,

column_position;

表、索引的存儲(chǔ)情況檢查

select segment_name, sum(bytes), count(*) ext_quan

from dba_extents

where tablespace_name = '&tablespace_name'

and segment_type = 'TABLE'

group by tablespace_name, segment_name;

select segment_name, count(*)

from dba_extents

where segment_type = 'INDEX'

and owner = '&owner'

group by segment_name;

查看數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的創(chuàng)建日期和歸檔方式

Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database;

顯示所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)象的類別和大小

select type,

count(name) num_instances,

sum(source_size) source_size,

sum(parsed_size) parsed_size,

sum(code_size) code_size,

sum(error_size) error_size,

sum(source_size) + sum(parsed_size) + sum(code_size) +

sum(error_size) size_required

from dba_object_size

group by type

order by 1;

RAC啟動(dòng)歸檔

步驟：

以SYSDBA 身份登陸2 個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，執(zhí)行

alter system set cluster_database=false scope =spfile sid=’*’;

設(shè)置歸檔路徑

alter system set log_archive_start=true scope=spfile;

2 個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)

shutdown immediate

在一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)上執(zhí)行

startup mount

alter database archivelog;

shutdown immediate;

alter database open;

alter system set cluster_database=true scope =spfile sid=’*’;

shutdown immediate

4、分別啟動(dòng)2 個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，修改完畢

Troubleshooting

監(jiān)控事務(wù)的等待

select event,

sum(decode(wait_Time, 0, 0, 1)) "Prev",

sum(decode(wait_Time, 0, 1, 0)) "Curr",

count(*) "Totol"

from v$session_Wait

group by event

order by 4;

查看一些等待信息

select sid, event

from v$session_wait

where event not like 'SQL%'

and event not like '%ipc%';

查看是否存在下面等常見的等待事件：

👊buffer busy waits，

👊free buffer waits，

👊db file sequential read,

👊db file scattered read,

👊enqueue,latch free,

👊log file parallel write,

👊log file sync

查看等待情況

SELECT v$waitstat.class,

v$waitstat.count count,

SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value

FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat

WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets', 'consistent gets')

group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count;

回滾段查看

select rownum,

sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name,

v$rollstat.extents Extents,

v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes,

v$rollstat.xacts XActs,

v$rollstat.gets Gets,

v$rollstat.waits Waits,

v$rollstat.writes Writes,

sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status

from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, v$rollname

where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name

and v$rollstat.usn(+) = v$rollname.usn

order by rownum;

回滾段的爭(zhēng)用情況

select name, waits, gets, waits / gets "Ratio"

from v$rollstat a, v$rollname b

where a.usn = b.usn;

監(jiān)控表空間的 I/O 比例

select df.tablespace_name name,

df.file_name "file",

f.phyrds pyr,

f.phyblkrd pbr,

f.phywrts pyw,

f.phyblkwrt pbw

from v$filestat f, dba_data_files df

where f.file# = df.file_id

order by df.tablespace_name;

監(jiān)控文件系統(tǒng)的I/O比例

select substr(a.file#, 1, 2) "#",

substr(a.name, 1, 30) "Name",

a.status,

a.bytes,

b.phyrds,

b.phywrts

from v$datafile a, v$filestat b

where a.file# = b.file#;

監(jiān)控SGA 的命中率

select a.value + b.value "logical_reads",

c.value "phys_reads",

round(100 * ((a.value + b.value) - c.value) / (a.value + b.value))

"BUFFER HIT RATIO"

from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c

where a.statistic# = 38 -- physical read total multi block requests

and b.statistic# = 39 -- physical read total bytes

and c.statistic# = 40; -- physical write total IO requests

創(chuàng)作挑戰(zhàn)賽新人創(chuàng)作獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)來(lái)咯，堅(jiān)持創(chuàng)作打卡瓜分現(xiàn)金大獎(jiǎng)

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