Chap. 6: Embodiment and conceptual structure

• This chapter explores in more detail two of the central principles of cognitive linguistics in Chap.5:
  -the thesis that conceptual structure derives from embodiment, also know as embodied cognition 概念結構來自涉身體驗;
  -and the thesis that semantic structure reflects conceptual structure 語義結構反映了概念結構.
• We address the thesis of embodied cognition by presenting the theory of image schemas.
• And we explore the second thesis by examining Talmy’s theory of conceptual structure.

Image schema

• Mark Johnson proposed that: embodied experience give rise to image schemas within the conceptual system. Image schemas derive from sensory and perceptual experience as we interact with and move about in the world.
• Image schemas are emergent. They are not claimed to be innate knowledge structure.
• The term “image” represents imagistic experience relates to and derives from our experience of the external world. image告訴我們，image schema是感知世界而獲得的。
  It is important to emphasise that the term “image” encompasses all types of sensory-perceptual experience (rather than mere visual perception).
• The term “schema” means that images schemas are not rich or detailed concepts, but rather abstract concepts consisting of patterns. schema告訴我們，image schema是抽象的，而不是具體的。

Properties of image schema

• 1 Image schemas are pre-conceptual in origin
  -They arise from sensory experiences in the early stages of human development that precede the fromation of concepts. 意象圖式的產生是先于概念的產生的。 在人類心智發展的早期，意象圖式從經驗感知中生成，先于概念的生成。
  -So, images schemas are concepts, 意象圖式的本質是概念。
  -But image schemas are a special kind of concepts Because they are the first concepts to emerge in the human mind, because they relate to sensory-perceptual experience, and because they are so fundamental to our way of thinking that we are not consciously aware of them. 但意象圖式是一種特殊的概念。因為它們人腦最先形成的概念；它們與人類的經驗感知相關聯（其他的概念可能是基于意象圖式產生，而非基于感知經驗產生）；意象圖式在我們認知思考時發揮著最基礎的作用，因而有時我們意識不到它們的存在（會被忽略）。
  -They are foundations of the conceptual system. 意象圖式是后續形成概念系統的基礎。
• 2 Image schemas can give rise to more specific concepts
  Image schemas can possess varying degrees of shematicity, where more specific image schemas arise from more fundamental or schematic ones. 意象圖式的圖式化程度不同，更抽象的圖式能夠產生更具體的圖式下級。
• 3 Image schemas derive from interaction with and observation of the world
  Because image schemas derive from embodied experience, they derive from the way in which we interact with the world.
• 4 Image schemas are inherently meaningful
  Because image schemas derive from interaction with the world, they are inherently meaningful. Embodied experience is inherently meaningful in the sense that embodied experiences have predicatable consequences. 意象圖式是具有意義的，并且能夠推測一系列后續結果。
• 5 Image schemas are analogue representations
  Image schemas are analogue representations deriving from experience. The term “analogue” means image schemas take a form in the conceptual system that mirrors the sensory experience being represented. Although we try to describe image schemas using words and pictures, they are not represented in the mind in terms of holistic sensory experiences. 意象圖式是涉身經驗的類比化表征；雖然我們嘗試用文字和圖片來描述意象圖式，但意象圖式在我們概念系統中是以真實涉身經驗的類比化表征存在的，是被表征的現實的鏡像。
• 6 Image schemas can be internally complex
  Image schemas are often comprised of more complex aspects that can be analysed separately. One consequence of internal complexity is that different components of the schema can be referred to. 意象圖式具有內部復雜結構，因而結構中的各個方面都能夠被強調。
• 7 Image schemas are not the same as mental images
  Mental images are relatively rich in detail; image schemas are schematic and more abstract in nature.
• 8 Image schemas are multi-modal
  Image schemas are multi-modal in that they derive from experiences across different modalities and hence are not specific to a particular sense. Image schemas are abstract patterns arising from a vast range of perceptual experiences and as such are not available to conscious introspection. 意象圖式來源于多模態的涉身體驗，是抽象的概念，因而我們不能主動的感知它。
• 9 Image schemas are subject to transformation
  Image schemas arise from embodied experience, which is ongoing, they can undergo transformations.
• 10 Image schemas can occur in clusters
  Image schemas can occur in clusters or networks of related image schemas.
  

Image schema and abstract thought 意象圖式與抽象思維

• To take metaphor as an example. Conceptual structure is in part organised in terms of metaphor system, which is characterised by related sets of conventional associations or mappings between concrete and abstract domains.
  The importance of image schemas is that they can provide the concrete basis for these metaphoric mappings. 例如，隱喻是一種概念結構化的方式；而隱喻即是具體域與抽象域之間的投射。意象圖式的重要性體現在其可以為隱喻投射提供具體的基礎。
  The image schema is based on our everyday interaction with concrete objects, and it generalises what is common to objects. The image schema can be mapped onto an abstract entity which lacks these properties. For example, the image schema OBJECT and an abstract entity inflation. 由于意象圖式是從我們如具體事物的互動而形成的，其概括了這些事物的共有特征；意象圖式進一步可以被投射在抽象的事物上，賦予該事物其本不具有的特征。如，將OBJECT這一意象圖式投射在通貨膨脹這一抽象事物上，賦予了其作為一個物體的應具有的特征。

Conceptual structure

• In this section, we explore the thesis that semantic structure encodes and externalises conceptual structure. We do this by looking at how language system provides meaning based on concepts derived from embodiment. 之前我們探討了概念結構與涉身經驗。在這一部分，我們要探討語義結構與概念結構，探索語言結構是如何基于涉身的概念結構而提供了語義。
  -Talmy has argued that one of the ways that language reflects conceptual representation is by providing structural meaning, also known as schematic meaning. This kind of meaning relates to structural properties of referents (the entities that language describes) and scenes (the situations that these entities are involved in). Talmy提出，語言反映概念表征的其中一種方式是提供概念意義，也叫做圖示化意義。概念意義/圖示化意義是關于referents(物)和scenes(情景)的意義。

Semantic structure

• -Linguistic expressions refer to entities or describe situations or scenes.
  -The way language conveys entities and scenes is by reflecting or encoding the language user’s Cognitive Representation (CR) or conceptual system.
  -CR is made up of two systems, conceptual structuring system and the conceptual content system. The meaning associated with the conceptual structuring system is highly schematic in nature, while the meaning associated with the conceptual content system is rich and highly detailed. 人類的概念系統，或稱概念表征(CR)，有兩個子系統組成，概念結構系統(conceptual structuring system)和概念內容系統(conceptual content system)。

• The semantic structure system is also divided into two subsystems, the open-class semantic system and the closed-class system. This distinction will be more insightfully viewed in terms of distinct points on a continuum.

Schematic systems

• According to Talmy, the conceptual structureing system is based upon a limited number of large-scale schematic systems. 概念結構系統是基于有限數量的大型圖式系統的。
  -There are four key schematic systems identified by Talmy: the Cogfigurational System; the Perspectival System; the Attentional System; and the Force-Dynamics System. 這里列出了其中四個關鍵圖式系統。
  -1.The Configurational System: the Configurational System structures the temporal and spatial properties associated with a scene, such as the division of a scene into parts and participants. Schematic systems like the Configurational System can be further dividied into shematic categories.
  -2.The Perspectival System: the Perspectival System specifies the perspective from which one views a scene.
  -3.The Attentional System: This system specifies how the speaker intends the hearer to direct his or her attention towards the entities that participate in a particular scene. Recall that, it is the internal complexity of the image schema that enables attention to be focused on distinct subparts.
  -4.The Force-Dynamics System: This system relates to the way in which objects are conceived relative to the exertion of force. The Force-Dynamics System derives from kinaesthesia and somesthesia. It does not just relate to physical force, but can also relate to psychological force.
  

總結

以上是生活随笔為你收集整理的Chap.6 总结《CL: An Introduction》 (Vyvyan Evans)的全部內容，希望文章能夠幫你解決所遇到的問題。

如果覺得生活随笔網站內容還不錯，歡迎將生活随笔推薦給好友。