英语用法杂记
動詞不定式和動名詞做主語的區別
不定式:強調具體的、一次性的動作 如:to learn an art is very hard.學習一門藝術很困難.
動名詞:強調多次的、抽象的動作如:working in these conditions is not a pleasure.在這種條件下工作一點也不愉快.
通常用It做形式主語來使句子更加平衡:
It is very hard to learn an art.
It is not a pleasure working in these conditions.
How to do不完整
有時不注意會把How to do,這種類型的短語當做一個完整的句子,動詞不定式不能當做謂語,所以這個句子缺乏謂語:
完整的句子應該加上形式主語it和助動詞does,變成How does it to do?
something like this
像這樣的某個東西,something可以是單數也可以是復數,比如(單數不舉例了):
Jobslike this don't come along very often! 像這樣的工作并不常有!
Violinslike this don't come cheap. 像這樣的小提琴不會便宜。
Matterslike this are best discussed in private. 這種事情最好在私下討論。
Beautiful oldhouseslike this one are always in great demand. 像這樣美麗的老房子總是有很大需求的
be + adj. + of + n.
這種用法很怪,在綜合英語Unit 2課文里看到這么一句:
Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtzi River.
很讓人奇怪,為什么不直接typical food,中間要加一個of,就當做固定搭配吧。
常見的還有:
The bottle is full of water.
但是這個用習慣了還真沒感覺怪異(沒細想full是形容詞)。
Legend/tale/story has it that...
這種句式不常見,也是在上面那篇課文中發現的。that后面對故事進行一個描述,但是不用There is a legend that...,要這樣表述就顯得有些怪。
似乎是對于故事、傳言之類的詞匯的描述,口語上有這種習慣,所以沿用到了文章中。
參考解答:http://ask.yygrammar.com/app_q-29263.html
OPSHACOM
多個形容詞一起用形容一個事物時,形容詞之間的順序:
OP:opinion
SH:shape & size
A:age
C:color
O:origin
M:material
consider doing sth.
不知道是平時從句用多了,還是"主謂賓賓"句型用多了,還以為只能that加賓語從句,別忘了這個非從句的"主謂賓"
I am considering going or not.
論文中的e.g.、i.e.、et al.
e.g. 是拉丁語 exempli gratia的縮寫,意思是"舉個例子,比如",等同于for example。
i.e. 是 拉丁語 id est的縮寫,意思是"那就是說、換句話說",等同于that is / in other。
et al.表示多個作者時,表示"等"
be + to do
1) 表示"計劃"或"安排"。
Thisline is to be opened to traffic next week.
2)表示"命令"。一般譯為"必須"或"不準"。
No one is to leave the room without permission.
3)表示"可能性"。
Are you to pay the debt for your wife?
4)表示"意圖"或"打算"。一般譯為"想要"。
If you are to be there on time, you had better hurry.
5)表示"應該"。
You have done so well. You are to be rewarded.
That is not saying a lot.
這說明不了什么。
mean by
意思是...
What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers.
*定語從句關系副詞和關系代詞
關系代詞(which、who、that、whose等)在從句中直接代指先行詞,一般是主語、賓語、定語(whose)。
關系副詞(where、when、in which等)在從句中表示以先行詞的一種方式,一般是從句的狀語(時間、地點...),而which是關系副詞的介詞的賓語。
定語從句中關系代詞that不能換為which的情況
1) 當先行詞是:all ,any ,anything ,everything ,nothing或被它們修飾時.(all、any可以是代詞,查字典)例如:
Is there anything that I can do for you ?
All that can be done must be done .
當然不是全部不定代詞,指人的不定代詞(someone、anyone等)不能用that,要用who
2)當先行詞被形容詞的最高級、序數詞,或the only ,the very ,the same ,the last 等表示唯一的意思的詞修飾時.例如:
That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop .
The first thing that we should do is to get some food .
My necklace is not the only thing that's missing .
3)當主句以who或which開頭時,定語從句中引導詞用that ,不用which 或 who .以避免重復.例如:
Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat
4)當先行詞在主句中做表語,在從句中做主語時:
The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.
There's still a room that is free.
5)當先行詞既有人又有物時,用that .例如:
The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .
2、3兩點對于who來說也一樣,人的先行詞之前有最高級、序數詞等,也要用that做關系代詞
定語從句中in which能替換成that甚至省略的情況
先行詞是the way等表示方式的詞的時候,in which可以替換成that,甚至因為這個that是從句的賓語而可以省略。
Ineverlovedanotherpersontheway (that、in which) I lovemyself.
這句話省略了in,應該是in the way,屬于介詞省略的語法現象,15點講
介詞省略現象
https://www.cnblogs.com/qizhou/p/12208709.html
限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區別
因為沒區分開來,所以導致我寫作文時總是亂用,比如:Optimistic attitude which is very important we should possess.
這是錯的,應該加逗號,變成Optimistic attitude, which is very important, we should possess.
1、非限定性定語從句用逗號和主句分隔,限定性不用逗號分隔
2、非限定性定語從句關系代詞不能是that,只能是who、which。
3、非限定性定語從句是對先行詞的補充說明,可以替換別的,而限定性定語從句是有關鍵性的含義的,的不可隨意替換,換了就是別的意思了。
我覺得,難以區分它們的意思很大程度上是因為我們中文翻譯過來都是"…的…"的意思,而沒有將它們的著重點表達出來。
實際上使用限定性還是非限定性是根據上下文的語境來判斷的,不能隨意交換。同樣,理解的時候也要以不同的著重點去理解這個定語。
there的意義
there在there be、there v.句子里面是代詞,表示存在。
there又可以當副詞,表示"在那里"。
分隔式定語從句
通常定語從句的先行詞和定語從句都是緊挨著的,但是在不引起歧義的情況下,可以把定語從句和先行詞分開,叫分隔式定語從句。可以防止主語太長而導致一句話看了一大段還沒看到謂語,理解出這句話的意思(就是所謂的頭重腳輕)。
He is a student in my school who often helps others.
這里的who明確定語修飾人,所以把修飾school的情況排除了。
類似地,一些后置定語也同樣可以被分隔。
具體分隔情況分析:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_c2ab50530101k7jd.html
定語從句變分詞定語后置
一般只要是被動的和現在進行中的,就可以轉換,可以使句子更加簡潔。所以能不用定語從句就不用,而因換做分詞后置定語。
原句:...legends which have been handed down from one generation of storytellers to another...
轉換:...legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another...
原句:...the Polynesian people who are now living in the Pacific Islands...
轉換:...the Polynesian people now living in the Pacific Islands...
分詞后置定語也可以加逗號變成非限制性定語
The meeting, attended by over one thousand people, welcomed the Chinese delegation.
help sb. do sth.和help sb. to do sth.的區別
help sb. to do sth.
幫的人做的。
help sb. do sth.
可以是兩個人一起做,也可以是幫的人做,或者讓被幫的人更加容易做。
情態動詞過去時和完成時
過去時:can/could,may/might,must/must + do
完成時:modal(原型) + have done
They may have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.
be + of用法
1)be of 后可接value, importance, use, help, significance, interest, benefit 等一些抽象詞,這樣的結構用來說明句子主語所具有的作用、重要性或意義,類似形容詞。
在這類抽象名詞前我們可用一些如: great, little, some, any, no, not much等形容詞(如果是形容詞的話就只能用副詞修飾了,所以能看出of + 抽象名詞的益處)來修飾抽象名詞,用以說明程度。如:
They are of great help to learners of English.
The book will be of great value to students of history.
2)be of +名詞,還可用來說明句子主語在度量,大小,顏色,類別等方面的特征。這類名詞有colour, age, size, height, weight, shape, type,kind, quality等。在這類名詞前常用different,all, the same, this, that, a(n) + 形容詞等詞來修飾或說明。如:
Coins may beof differentsizes, weights,shapes, and of different metals.
These pensare of manydifferent colours.
謂語have不同助動詞do的用法
have作謂語“有”的意思時,可以不加助動詞“do”:
Whyhave we reasontobegratefultoinsect-eatinganimals?
Have you a pen?
They have not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.
而使用助動詞do時:
Why do we have reasontobegratefultoinsect-eatinganimals?
Do you have a pen?
They don't have a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.
an amount of和a number of區別
二者都表示一定數量,但是修飾的名詞類型不同:
an amount of 修飾不可數
a number of 修飾可是名詞
分詞作后置定語的約束
過去分詞和現在分詞作定語可以看做定語從句省略關系代詞和從句be動詞謂語得到。
而如果定語從句是完成時的,就不能省略了。因為謂語之前還有表示完成的助動詞have(has),省略了不能表達完成時的意義,不省略又會導致整個句子的多謂語出現語病。所以要表達時態的定語最好就用定語從句。
另外,是否還有別的特殊表達法還不清楚,需要自己去積累。畢竟語言不是公式,它是人造的,以應用為主。語法是后來才總結的,它不能包羅萬象也情有可原。
虛擬語氣
Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.(New concept English)
條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣,從句過去(be動詞全都變成were,不是was),主句過去(其實就是現在時加個would)
其它從句的虛擬語氣:
https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94/504985?fr=aladdin
省略句
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
省略謂語,一般是前面已經有了,結構類似的,省略一部分使句子更加緊湊易懂,避免重復。
(If we make) One more effort and we shall succeed.
省略條件狀語的主謂
定語從句和同位語從句
定于從句的關系代詞在從句中是主語或是賓語(重要),而同位語從句that無意義。
關系副詞就直接可以分辨了。
then的連接性
有時把then當連詞使用,其實并不對,因為它是副詞,不能起到and的連接兩個完整句子的效果。要用也是and then,否則就要用句號把兩個句子分開。
in an effort to
和in order to差不多,都是后接目的謂語。具體差別要靠語感體會。
that引導的狀語從句
原因狀語從句:(thankful后面的就是that引導的原因狀語從句)
She couldn't agree enough with one of the wisest students in her class who wrote that she was thankful that she was 'not' a turkey.
當她看到班里最聰明的一個學生寫的作業,她簡直不能更贊同了,這個學生在作業中寫道,她感恩的是她“不是”火雞。
目的狀語從句:(感覺也是原因狀語)
He is working hard that he can catch up with the class.
他努力用功,以便趕上班上同學。
where引導的狀語從句
Don't build where the hazards will destroy them. (狀語從句)
Don't build in the place where the hazards will destroy them.(定語從句)
可以看出狀語從句沒有先行詞,定語從句有先行詞place。實際上,第二句的in the place...這半句充當句子的狀語。
形容詞做后置定語
形容詞不一定做前置定語,有的形容詞能后置修飾。如以下的old、long...
Thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold.
astreet3kilometerslong.
as引導的定語從句
He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.
他并不是一個做事半途而廢的人。
Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden.
那兒的小客棧總是骯臟不堪,跳蚤滋生。
so that
so that是所以,表結果的意思。有連詞的屬性,可以連接兩個完整的句子。
get的被動語態
get的被動語態與be的被動語態用法一樣,但沒有be常用,在用be可能有歧義的時候,可以用get明確,如:
The window was broken. 窗戶破了。(表被動句或主系表,有歧義)
The window got broken. 窗戶被打破了。(表被動)
accustom
使...習慣(被動用法)
因為是被動用法,所以可以用accustomed當做定語后置(不是形容詞accustomed),如新概念四中:
For men (who was) accustomed to eating seven-course dinners... (eating動名詞是因為to是動詞)
used to
1) 做情態動詞使用(前面沒有be動詞),意思是過去常常...,如:
People used to come and visit him every day...
否定時,使用did not used to,表示過去不曾...,如:
Borrowing used not to be recommended...
2)做形容詞短語,意思是習慣于...(要加be動詞),如(這里的to是介詞,所以后面是動名詞):
I'm used to having my sleep interrupted...
另外,get used to表示開始習慣于...,如:
You quickly get used to using the brakes.
動詞不定式中to和介詞to的區別
動詞不定式中的to是小品詞,表示目的,表示未做將做的事。
介詞to表示:于、對于
情態動詞
情態動詞(should、must)又叫情態助動詞(助動詞do),不能單獨使用,要和動詞連在一起使用,顯示為句子的時態、情感。
at 2300 miles in length
2300英里長,可以 放在開頭作狀語。
v+n+adj.
其實就是5大基本句型之一:主+謂+賓+賓補,但是因為中文中不常遇到,所以在讀到這類的句子的時候時常會轉不過彎,導致讀不懂或者感覺是不是它語法錯了。如:
I believe him clever. I believe (that) he is clever.
盡管意思都是“我相信他是聰明的”。但是前一句的簡練表達就讓語感不好的人感覺很怪。又如下面的:
In asignificant tightening of legalcontrolsover the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a draft bill that will proposemakingpaymentsto witnessesillegalandwill strictlycontrolthe amountof publicitythatcanbegiven toa casebefore a trialbegins.
不定式的否定
Most adolescents think they know all the answers to everything, and they think their elders are stupid not to see things their way.
愚蠢而不能以他們的眼光來看事物
digest、abstract、extract同為摘要、摘抄意思的區別
digest:文摘,將很多好的文章匯總到一起。
abstract:一篇文章的梗概、大意
extract:文章中的某一部分的摘抄
be of some use
有點用
條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣與用to do的虛擬語氣轉換
I would have been very pleased if anyone regarded me as a problem.
I would have been very pleased to be regarded me as a problem.
從他人主動的條件狀語從句轉換成自己被動的to do不定式。可以看出這個轉換是有些限制的,因為to do之前的主語只能是主句主語,所以條件狀語需要包含主句主語。通過would來判斷這是虛擬語氣。
實際上很多其它從句也可以轉換為to do:
I was astonished when they told me that all the tickets had been sold out.
I was astonished to be told that all the tickets had been sold out.
I expect they will inform me about it tomorrow.
I expect to be informed about it tomorrow.
That's all there is to it
表示之前所說的是想表達的全部
主語+be+adj+that從句
結果狀語從句,相當于so...that...:
He was busy that he even didn't answer his girl friend's phone. 他很忙乃至沒接女友電話。
賓語從句:
I’m surprised that he could guess at my age correctly. 我很驚訝他可以正確猜出我的年齡。
Were experts now sure that the animal really was a puma or not? 專家現在是否了確定那只動物就是美洲獅?
ing做伴隨狀語
She came into the house, carrying a lot of books.
她捧著許多書走進了房間。
定語從句介詞提前
從句的謂語介詞可以提前到關系代詞之前,如:
He is the man whom we have heard about so much. He is the man about whom we have heard so much.
From whom did you receive a letter? Who(m) did you receive a letter from?
關系副詞where等可以轉換為介詞加關系代詞,同樣的,這個介詞也可以后置,如:
The house where I live is beautiful. The house in which I live is beautibul. The house which I live in is beautiful.
而介詞后置,關系代詞做從句的賓語時,關系代詞可以省略:The house I live in is beautiful.(奇怪的知識增加了!)
另外,介詞加關系代詞如on which, in which,都可以轉換為關系副詞where.(這就很說得通了,英語的一些條條框框感覺就被打開了,豁然開朗的感覺)
no more than
字面意思:不超過。內含的意思是:僅僅,強調數量之少。
not any more than 意思相同
It was not until...
It was not until the thirteenth stroke that the bell stopped. 直到響了13聲,鐘聲才停止。
until通常表示“直到...”的意思,但是這句話的“until...”表達了一個用在強調句中的時間狀語從句,要理解為“在...之前”,類似于before,這樣就好理解了。但是,相對于before,until還有一層意思:在...之前干了什么,在那之后立馬停止。這是before所沒有的。所以對比直譯如下:
It was not until the thirteenth stroke that the bell stopped. 在響13聲之前,鐘沒有停,直到第13聲立馬停了。
It was not before the thirteenth stroke that the bell stopped. 在響13聲之前,鐘沒有停,之后也不知道啥時候停。
參考:http://ask.yygrammar.com/q-30048.html
it + adj. + that從句、so...that...
其中的that是當做連詞來連接兩個句子
總結
- 上一篇: codepen.io是什么工具
- 下一篇: Android开发之EditText限制