【转】UDP协议格式以及在java中的使用
UDP協議格式以及在java中的使用
UDP是面向無連接的通訊協議,由于通訊不需要連接,所以可以實現廣播發送。UDP通訊時不需要接收方確認,屬于不可靠的傳輸,可能會出現丟包現象,實際應用中要求程序員編程驗證。
UDP適用于DNS、視頻音頻等多媒體通信、廣播通信(廣播、多播)。例如我們常用的QQ,就是一個以UDP為主,TCP為輔的通訊協議。
UDP報文格式如下:
UDP首部有8個字節,由4個字段構成,每個字段都是兩個字節,
可以使用nc發送UDP數據包:echo hello | nc -uv 127.0.0.1 9999。
用tcpdump抓取到的數據包如下(注意先運行tcpdump,然后再執行nc命令):
# tcpdump -i lo -X udp port 9999 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on lo, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes 11:19:39.267912 IP localhost.45666 > localhost.distinct: UDP, length 60x0000: 4500 0022 5914 4000 4011 e3b4 7f00 0001 E.."Y.@.@.......0x0010: 7f00 0001 b262 270f 000e fe21 6865 6c6c .....b'....!hell0x0020: 6f0a o. ... ...說明:
- 源端口:0xb262,十進制的45666。
- 目的端口:0x270f,十進制的9999。
- 長度:0x000e,14個字節的報文長度。
- 校驗和:0xfe21。
bio之單播
單播就是一對一通信。
服務器端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.bio.single;import java.io.IOException; import java.net.DatagramPacket; import java.net.DatagramSocket;public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(9999);byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(bytes, bytes.length);datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket);System.out.println("receive from client: " + new String(bytes));byte[] req = "hello client".getBytes();DatagramPacket resp = new DatagramPacket(req, req.length, datagramPacket.getSocketAddress());datagramSocket.send(resp);} }客戶端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.bio.single;import java.io.IOException; import java.net.DatagramPacket; import java.net.DatagramSocket; import java.net.InetSocketAddress;public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket();byte[] req = "hello server".getBytes();DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(req, req.length, new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9999));datagramSocket.send(datagramPacket);datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket);System.out.println("receive from server: " + new String(datagramPacket.getData()));} }客戶端和服務端的代碼幾乎一致,只不過接收和發送數據的順序不一致,receive和send都歐式阻塞方法。
bio之廣播
廣播:同一網段所有主機都能接收,前提是端口要開啟監聽。
只需要將單播的例子中客戶端發送數據的IP修改為255.255.255.255即可,具體修改如下:
DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(req, req.length, new InetSocketAddress("255.255.255.255", 9999));- 1
bio之多播(組播)
多播數據報套接字類用于發送和接收IP多播包。MulticastSocket是一種DatagramSocket,它具有加入Internet上其他多播主機的“組”的附加功能。
多播組通過D類IP地址和標準UDP端口號指定。D類IP地址在224.0.0.0和239.255.255.255的范圍內。地址224.0.0.0被保留,不應使用。
可以通過首先使用所需端口創建MulticastSocket,然后調用joinGroup(InetAddress groupAddr)方法來加入多播組。
服務器端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.bio.multicast;import java.io.IOException; import java.net.DatagramPacket; import java.net.DatagramSocket; import java.net.InetAddress; import java.net.MulticastSocket;public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {InetAddress group = InetAddress.getByName("228.5.6.7");MulticastSocket s = new MulticastSocket(6789);s.joinGroup(group);byte[] buf = new byte[1000];DatagramPacket recv = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length);s.receive(recv);System.out.println("receive : " + new String(buf));s.leaveGroup(group);} }客戶端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.bio.multicast;import java.io.IOException; import java.net.*;public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {String msg = "Hello";InetAddress group = InetAddress.getByName("228.5.6.7");MulticastSocket s = new MulticastSocket();s.joinGroup(group);DatagramPacket hi = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), msg.length(), group, 6789);s.send(hi);s.leaveGroup(group);} }NIO實現單播
服務器端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.nio;import java.io.IOException; import java.net.InetSocketAddress; import java.net.SocketAddress; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.channels.DatagramChannel;public class Server {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open();datagramChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(9999));// datagramChannel.configureBlocking(false);ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128);SocketAddress receive = datagramChannel.receive(byteBuffer);byteBuffer.flip();byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.remaining()];byteBuffer.get(bytes);System.out.println("receive from client: " + new String(bytes));byteBuffer.clear();byteBuffer.put("hello client".getBytes());datagramChannel.send(byteBuffer, receive);} }客戶端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.nio;import java.io.IOException; import java.net.InetSocketAddress; import java.net.SocketAddress; import java.nio.ByteBuffer; import java.nio.channels.DatagramChannel;public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open();// datagramChannel.configureBlocking(false);String req = "hello server";ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(req.length());byteBuffer.put(req.getBytes());byteBuffer.flip();datagramChannel.send(byteBuffer, new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 9999));datagramChannel.receive(byteBuffer);byteBuffer.flip();byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.remaining()];byteBuffer.get(bytes);System.out.println("receive from server: " + new String(bytes));} }Netty實現單播
服務器端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.netty.single;import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap; import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled; import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption; import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler; import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup; import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramPacket; import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioDatagramChannel; import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;public class Server {private static final int port = 8899;public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();try {Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioDatagramChannel.class).handler(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<DatagramPacket>() {@Overrideprotected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, DatagramPacket msg) throws Exception {// 接收數據System.out.println(msg.content().toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));// 發送數據ctx.writeAndFlush(new DatagramPacket(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello client", CharsetUtil.UTF_8), msg.sender()));ctx.close();}});bootstrap.bind(port).sync().channel().closeFuture().await();} finally {group.shutdownGracefully();}} }客戶端代碼如下:
package com.morris.udp.netty.single;import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap; import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled; import io.netty.channel.Channel; import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext; import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption; import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler; import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup; import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramPacket; import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioDatagramChannel; import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;public class Client {public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();try {Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap();bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioDatagramChannel.class).handler(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<DatagramPacket>() {@Overrideprotected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, DatagramPacket msg) throws Exception {// 接收數據System.out.println(msg.content().toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8));ctx.close();}});Channel channel = bootstrap.bind(0).sync().channel();// 發送數據channel.writeAndFlush(new DatagramPacket(Unpooled.copiedBuffer("hello server", CharsetUtil.UTF_8), new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8899)));if (!channel.closeFuture().await(30 * 1000)) {System.err.println("查詢超時");}} finally {group.shutdownGracefully();}} }Netty實現廣播
只需要將netty實現的單播的客戶端代碼做如下修改:
- 1
- 1
底層實現
recvfrom負責接收UDP數據,其函數聲明如下:
ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags, struct sockaddr *src_addr, socklen_t *addrlen);sendto負責發送UDP數據,其函數聲明如下:
ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags, const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);- 下面通過對bio之單播的例子所產生的系統調用進行跟蹤:
啟動服務器端服務Server:
# strace -ff -o out java Server然后使用nc命令充當客戶端進行連接:echo hello | nc -uv 127.0.0.1 9999。
產生的系統調用中關鍵信息如下:
socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 4 bind(4, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(9999), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0 recvfrom(4, "hello\n", 1024, 0, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(7361), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::ffff:127.0.0.1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 6 write(1, "receive from client: hello\n\0\0\0\0\0"..., 1045) = 1045 write(1, "\n", 1) sendto(4, "hello client", 12, 0, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(7361), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::ffff:127.0.0.1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 12可見發送和接收數據確實使用了上面的系統調用,另外上面的系統調用中并沒有listen函數,不需要監聽端口,再次驗證UDP是面向無連接的。
總結
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