随手记_英语_学术写作_英文科技论文
一、 論文標(biāo)題
1.????????標(biāo)題不是句子,不要求主、謂、賓齊全,但應(yīng)注意用詞前后次序和用詞簡練,重點(diǎn)明確。
2.????????標(biāo)題中盡量避免“study on”,“research on”,“investigation of”之類沒有多少實(shí)際意義的詞組,尤其是在題目較長的情況下。
3.????????標(biāo)題中不要用縮略語、化學(xué)式和專利商標(biāo)名(在某技術(shù)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)大家熟知的縮寫除外)。
4.????????標(biāo)題不要太長,第一個(gè)詞和實(shí)詞的首字母要大寫(其他如the、a、an、and和所有介詞都小寫)。
二、摘要寫作注意事項(xiàng)
1.????????摘要基本內(nèi)容為論文的研究目的(purpose),主要研究過程(procedure),采用的方法(methods)以及主要結(jié)論(conclusion)。
2.????????摘要應(yīng)突出文章的創(chuàng)新和獨(dú)到之處(what is new and original in this paper?)。
3.????????摘要要使用正規(guī)英語和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)術(shù)語,避免使用縮寫詞(除非是大家熟知的如CAD、CAM、IT等)。
4.????????摘要盡可能使用短語,用被動(dòng)語態(tài),用第三人稱。描述作者以往的科研工作可用過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但結(jié)論用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
三、 漢譯英常用時(shí)態(tài)
1.????????在論文、項(xiàng)目文件和協(xié)議等文件中,提及以前所做的研究工作,而且有具體時(shí)間或時(shí)間狀語時(shí),用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。
2.????????論文中實(shí)驗(yàn)敘述可用一般過去時(shí)。
3.????????論文中的討論和結(jié)論敘述可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
4.????????論文中的討論和結(jié)論敘述可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
5.????????一般真理、定理、公式用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
6.????????計(jì)劃要做的工作、項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及預(yù)期要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)用一般將來時(shí)。
四、注意的事項(xiàng)
1.????????不能在毫無把握的情況下想當(dāng)然造字,專業(yè)詞匯一定要準(zhǔn)確,應(yīng)以英美學(xué)者寫的原文為參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(中國學(xué)者寫的不足為據(jù)!)。
2.????????走出受制于金山詞霸。中英文單詞的最大區(qū)別是具體的中文詞(語)只存在一種寫法,而譯成英文時(shí)要根據(jù)其確切含義選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)挠⑽膯卧~(或詞組)。比方“瀟灑”一詞,如果翻英文詞典可能又多個(gè)詞,究竟選哪個(gè)呢?(handsome、open-minded、smart、elegant、graceful、natural and unrestrained、noble、cool、in a relaxed state of mind、debonair(輕松愉快)、dashing、vigorous(朝氣蓬勃)。
3.????????盡量不連用三個(gè)以上的of(可用所屬格或從句表示)。
4.????????不用含糊不清的句子,比方某句中的it看不出代表前面哪個(gè)詞或句子,這在同學(xué)們寫的論文中屢見不鮮。
5.????????單復(fù)數(shù)主語應(yīng)有對應(yīng)的謂語動(dòng)詞形式,這種類型的錯(cuò)誤時(shí)常可見,比方data是復(fù)數(shù),(單數(shù)形式是datum,注意!它又是加工、測量基準(zhǔn)的意思。)謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。而games(大型運(yùn)動(dòng)會)、proceeding(論文集)、news、United States、United Nations、airlines(航空公司)、headquarters(總部)。看起來是復(fù)數(shù),實(shí)際上是單數(shù)名詞。
6.????????論文中不能用過分肯定夸張的句子或詞匯(如perfect、best、most desirable、most ideal、create…for the first time、lay a foundation for…等)。而應(yīng)采用would、should、will、surely、certainly、probably、perhaps和provide a technological support for、supply a basis for、conduct a basic research on、carry out a preliminary exploration in、make a preparation work for等婉語。
7.????????要用多個(gè)同義詞(synonym)代替某個(gè)詞,不要老是重復(fù)用一個(gè)詞,顯得文章乏味。
1)????????做、開展、進(jìn)行、從事 do、make、carry out、perform、conduct(research、study、experiment、survey、investigation…)
2)????????制造、制作 make、fabricate、build、manufacture、construct…
3)????????改變、改換、修改、重建、重組 convert、transform、charge、modify、adapt、alter、reform、correct、reconstruct、rebuild、reconfigure、reorganize…
4)????????建議、提出 advise、recommend、suggest、propose、introduce、put forward、present、develop…
5)????????建立 establish、set up、form、construct、formulate、build…
6)????????給、提供 give、offer、provide、supply、furnish
7)????????改善、改進(jìn) improve、enhance、raise、better
8)????????開發(fā)、利用 develop、exploit、take advantage of、make use of、employ、tap、open up…
9)????????驗(yàn)證、證明 verify、prove、check、test、identify、justify、affirm、confirm…
10)由…組成:constitute(department A ,department B constitute the School of Mechanical Engineering;the School of Mechanical Engineering(is composed of、consists of、comprises、is comprised of department A ,department B)注意區(qū)別:整體(be composed of、consist of、comprise、be comprised of)分部,而分部(constitute)整體。
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五、一些常用詞意上的差別
1)manufacture一般指工業(yè)上批量的、成熟的有一定規(guī)模的制造,而fabricate一般指具有技巧性的,手工方式制造,而且一般是小批量的甚至是單獨(dú)制作。make是泛指的做和制造。
2)transform指根本的轉(zhuǎn)換、變換、改造(常跟into)。convert只指物理形式的變換(比方數(shù)模轉(zhuǎn)換),transfer和transmit指傳遞、傳送、發(fā)射等(比方heat transfer傳熱學(xué),data transmission數(shù)據(jù)傳輸,power transmission功率傳遞,TV transmission power電視發(fā)射塔,hydraulic transmission液壓傳動(dòng)),特別要注意:技術(shù)改造是technological transformation,但技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓卻是technology transfer,還有transformation matrix轉(zhuǎn)換矩陣等。communication指信息交流、通訊、聯(lián)絡(luò),transport指交通運(yùn)輸。transit是轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、轉(zhuǎn)口、過渡(phase transition相變,during the transition of the centuries世紀(jì)之交,trans-century talent跨世紀(jì)人才)。
3)Management:企業(yè)管理enterprise management、項(xiàng)目管理project management、工商管理business administration、公共管理public administration、數(shù)據(jù)管理data administration、管理操作員administrative operator
4)tool工具,cutter刀具,tooling(無復(fù)數(shù)形式)工裝、模具,device小裝置,equipment(無復(fù)數(shù)形式)設(shè)備,instrument儀器、儀表、樂器,(注意,instrument還有手段、方法、證書等意思)installation成套裝置設(shè)備,apparatus電器、機(jī)電設(shè)備,appliance家用(電)器具,utensil器皿、廚具,facility(常用復(fù)數(shù)facilities)設(shè)施、設(shè)備、工具、機(jī)構(gòu)(例如:sport facilities體育器材、設(shè)施),utility公共事業(yè)設(shè)備(水、電、煤氣等),implement工具、器械(農(nóng)具)。
5)element、part零件,component組件、元件、組分、分量(imaginary component虛部,pressure component分壓力,structural component結(jié)構(gòu)件),subassembly組合件、機(jī)組、分組成、分步裝配,assembly總裝、裝配,machine機(jī)器,machine tool機(jī)床,machinery機(jī)械(總稱)。
6)trouble麻煩,defect故障缺陷,glitch小毛病,fault人為錯(cuò)誤,error計(jì)算、測試錯(cuò)誤、誤差,breakdown故障停機(jī)(stoppage diagnosis或fault diagnosis故障診斷),flaw瑕疵、缺陷,mistake理解不當(dāng)造成的錯(cuò)誤,blunder犯大錯(cuò)、失策。(平常只能說:Sorry, it’s my fault or it’s my mistake.)
7)accuracy精度(machining accuracy加工精度,positioning accuracy定位精度,positional accuracy位置精度,measuring accuracy測量精度,precision精密(precision instrument精密儀器,precision machining精密加工,precision mold精密模具)。
8)intensity指強(qiáng)化的程度、力度(比方加大投資力度-to increase the investment intensity,提高訓(xùn)練強(qiáng)度-to strengthen the training intensity),strength指材料受力后能承受而不被破壞的能力,指力學(xué)強(qiáng)度(如疲勞強(qiáng)度-fatigue strength,極限強(qiáng)度-ultimate strength等),另外一個(gè)特殊用法是strengthen,有時(shí)也可做優(yōu)勢、實(shí)力用。比方on the strength of…憑借…方面的實(shí)力。
9)conference正式的會議、討論會、學(xué)術(shù)會議、協(xié)商會(CPPCC中國人民政府協(xié)商會議);convention全國性大會、公約、協(xié)定(the Geneva Convention日內(nèi)瓦公約);congress全國代表大會、美國國會;council政務(wù)會、理事會、委員會。如國務(wù)院(中)state council,聯(lián)合國安理會the U.N. Security Council;assembly集會、議會,如:聯(lián)合國大會General Assembly;meeting一般會議;session某一屆會議,如:全會plenary session;parliament 某些國家的國會或議會的名稱,尤指英聯(lián)邦一些國家的議會;seminar、workshop指規(guī)模較小的學(xué)術(shù)研究會;forum是論壇;conference是正式的大型學(xué)術(shù)會議,常規(guī)表達(dá)方式是:International Conference on…
10)verify證明、驗(yàn)證,validate使生效、合法、批準(zhǔn),justify認(rèn)為…合理、劃算、為…辯護(hù),confirm確認(rèn)。
11)prove證明,approve批準(zhǔn)。
12)base基地、機(jī)座(experimental base實(shí)驗(yàn)基地,incubation base孵化基地),basis(抽象的基礎(chǔ),on the basis of…在…基礎(chǔ)上),basic(al)基本的。
13)big、large、great、huge、enormous、giant、titanic、tremendous、vast、massive、substantial、immense、grand的用法區(qū)別:big用于形容重量、質(zhì)量、體積(主要形容外形)。This child is big for his age. Large可用于形容重量、體積、數(shù)量、容量(只能描述物理尺寸、體積,不能描述抽象事物,而big有時(shí)可以描述抽象事物,有重大、嚴(yán)重之意,如big fire、big difficulty等)。
常見用法舉例:
1.????????可以說big boy(一個(gè)大個(gè)子男孩)但不能講large boy。而small boy和little boy都對(但前者強(qiáng)盜個(gè)頭,后者既包括個(gè)頭又包括年紀(jì)小)。
2.????????可以講large deformation(大變形),large number(大數(shù)字)this city has a large population(這個(gè)城市人口眾多)。但不能說big number、big deformation和big population。
3.????????講大人物可以用big potato或great man或VIP(very important person)。great用于形容重物理量大或抽象的大(偉大、巨大)。The great western development西部大開發(fā)。
4.????????giant指體積和力量的巨大(比方巨人)。The reactor is contained in a giant pressure vessel. giant panda大熊貓,giant brain大型計(jì)算機(jī)。
5.????????titanic力大無比的(從希臘神話中的巨人Tian而來)。
6.????????tremendous指規(guī)模、體積、程度大得驚人。They have made tremendous achievements in their work.
7.????????vast一般用于形容范圍、區(qū)域、視野的廣闊,a vast expanse of desert。有時(shí)也可形容巨額和大量,如a vast sum of money,vast difference。
8.????????massive用于形容大塊、笨重,也可形容大量。massive structure塊狀結(jié)構(gòu),massive destructive weapons大規(guī)模殺傷性武器,massive dump大量(信息/存儲),massive resonance大質(zhì)量共振。但大量生產(chǎn)、大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)、大規(guī)模銷售只能說mass production、large-scale production、mass marketing等。
9.????????substantial用于形容抽象的、無法具體描述的多和大量意思。The improvement of the light
10.????????grand指宏偉莊嚴(yán)The National Grand Theater國家大劇院,grand stand大看臺grand champion冠軍grand piano大三角鋼琴。
常用的與“大”有關(guān)的詞組:
大量:a lot of,a large quantity of,a large amount(wealth) of;大規(guī)模:large scale,mass,massive;大幅度:a large extent,substantial;大批訂貨:(an) extensive order;大量資料:a wealth of data,a great mass of data;大用戶:large user,bulk user;大宗買賣:bulk sale;大數(shù):large number,great number;大小(尺寸):size;大小(幅度):magnitude;大雨:heavy rain;大雪:heavy snowfall;大(厚)截面:heavy section;大火:big fire;大分子:giant molecule;大系統(tǒng):large system;大型鑄(鍛)件:heavy casting(forging);大科學(xué):big science;大電流:heavy current;大功率:high power;大容量(信息):mass storage;大容量(物質(zhì)):high volume;大螺距:high pitch;大量服務(wù):bulk service;大量交貨:bulk delivery
幾個(gè)常用的“最大”的表達(dá)方式:
最大誠意:utmost sincerity;最大份額:lion’s share;最大鼓舞:great encouragement;最大速度:top speed;最大犧牲:ultimate sacrifice;最大幸福:supreme happiness;最大障礙:biggest obstacle
14)政府、國家、民族
- 1.state、行政意義上的國家(the state key laboratory國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,the State Ministry of Education國家教育部)
- 2.country地理概念上的(the whole country全國)
- 3.nation(improve the bilateral relationship of the two nations改善兩國的雙邊關(guān)系)national全國的(the National People’s Congress全國人民代表大會,National Day國慶日,National defence國防,National Laboratory of…國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室
15)need(人類)自然需要,急需(注,need除了做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞外還可做助動(dòng)詞,you need not to care me any more!demand(for)市場、物質(zhì)需求(to meet the market demand)。requirement(s)對…提出的要求,request祈求、強(qiáng)烈請求、懇求(make a request for,on request如索求則…),solicit(只有動(dòng)詞)懇求、祈求、要求、征求,后跟for或to+inf例:solicit assistance請求支援,solicit for subscription征求訂戶。
16)change改變、改動(dòng),modify修改(設(shè)計(jì)),correct改錯(cuò)、改正,revise修訂、修改(文件、著作、合同等),adapt改編(將文學(xué)作品由一種形式改寫或另一種形式)。
17)平衡(balance、equilibrium),轉(zhuǎn)子動(dòng)平衡rotor’s dynamic balance,某種過程達(dá)到動(dòng)平衡dynamic equilibrium,化學(xué)平衡chemical equilibrium,生態(tài)平衡ecological balance,雙方之間的勢力均衡power balance between two sides。
遺產(chǎn)、傳統(tǒng)heritage、legacy,historical legacy歷史遺產(chǎn),cultural heritage文化遺產(chǎn),繼承inherit(inheritance),繼承人inheritor,遺產(chǎn)稅inheritance tax,遺傳的(生)genetic,遺傳學(xué)genetics,遺傳工程(密碼、基因、算法)genetic engineering(code、genome、algorithmic)。
19)relation指人際、國際、貿(mào)易關(guān)系,而科學(xué)研究、實(shí)驗(yàn)中的各影響因素之間的關(guān)系都用relationship(between、among)。
20)related to與…有關(guān)的,relevant to與…相關(guān)的,relative to相對…而言,correlative有相關(guān)性的(數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)系),coherent相干的、凝聚的,coherent effect相干效應(yīng),coherent light相干光,coherent imaging相干成像。
21)關(guān)于不同形式的同一個(gè)詞(名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)名詞等)用法區(qū)別
- 1.高等院校higher educational institutions,而高教出版社卻是higher education press
- 2.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果experimental results,實(shí)驗(yàn)基地experimental base(實(shí)驗(yàn)一詞做定語時(shí)通通用形容詞形式)
- 3.系統(tǒng)工程system engineering,系統(tǒng)管理system management,系統(tǒng)誤差
- 4.技術(shù)改造technological transformation,技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓technology transfer
- 5.國家技術(shù)進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)State Award for Scientific and Technological Progress,國家自然科學(xué)獎(jiǎng)State
- 6.一些用法上很難區(qū)分的詞:experiment實(shí)驗(yàn),experimental一套實(shí)驗(yàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)安排和布置,document文件,documentation文檔、文檔生成、處理等,instrument一臺儀器設(shè)備,instrumentation測試裝置、測試技術(shù)、整套測試工作的安排布置,circuit電路,circuiting一套裝置中全部電路總稱(如同poem詩歌和poeting詩歌集的區(qū)別),technology泛指的廣義的技術(shù)、技巧和工藝,technique具體技術(shù)手段、工藝,forming:與die有關(guān)的鍛造成型加工,shaping :與mold有關(guān)的鑄造、注塑成型加工
22)complete、accomplish和finish的用法區(qū)別:complete用于完成某個(gè)項(xiàng)目、工程(project、engineering);accomplish用于完成某項(xiàng)目標(biāo)、指標(biāo)(goal、index);finish則用來完成作業(yè)(homework)、學(xué)業(yè)(finish with school)、論文(thesis、dissertation)等。另外,complete還是形容詞,表示完整、成套的…
23)關(guān)于subject的用法:
- 1.Subject做名詞:主語、科目(required subject 必修課)、學(xué)科、主題、研究對象。
- 2.Subject做形容詞:從屬的、受支配的、以…為條件的、be subject to以…為條件的,受…約束的
- 3.Subject做動(dòng)詞:使…受…作用或約束,Subject M… to …N迫使M受N作用(影響約束等)故subject又常用be subjected to的形式。
24)關(guān)于地域、地區(qū)幾個(gè)同義詞的用法區(qū)別:
- 1.自治區(qū)autonomous region
- 2.碑林區(qū) Beilin district
- 3.華北區(qū)North China Area西北區(qū)Northwest China Area
- 4.漢中地區(qū)Hanzhong prefecture
- 5.經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)SEZ(special economic zone)
- 6.地方經(jīng)濟(jì)regional economy
- 7.地方政府local government
- 8.局部戰(zhàn)爭local war
- 9.局域網(wǎng)local area network
25)關(guān)于首字母縮略詞(acronym)使用注意事項(xiàng):
- 1.縮略詞的首字母如果是:A、E、F、H、I、L、M、N、O、R、S、X則前面的不定冠詞用an(因?yàn)檫@12個(gè)字母發(fā)元音)。
- 2.縮略詞復(fù)數(shù)在后面加s或es要根據(jù)最后一個(gè)字母確定,而且字要小一號,例如:ICs、FMSes
26)校園常用詞匯:
- 1.必修課required(compulsory) course
- 2.選修課elective(optional)course
- 3.輔修課minor course
- 4.基礎(chǔ)課basic course
- 5.專業(yè)課specialized course
- 6.成績單school report、academic record
- 7.考試成績exam scores
- 8.排名次序ranking position
- 9.學(xué)籍卡registration record card
- 10.碩士學(xué)位master’s degree
- 11.博士學(xué)位doctoral degree
- 12.博士后流動(dòng)站post -doctoral mobile research station
- 13.畢業(yè)論文thesis(本科和碩士生)、dissertation(博士生)
- 14.畢業(yè)答辯oral defense for one’s thesis(dissertation)
- 15.畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)graduation field work
- 16.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)graduation project
- 17.課程設(shè)計(jì)curricular project
- 18.應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生this year’s graduates
- 19.畢業(yè)證diploma、graduation certificate
- 20.授予學(xué)位confer a … degree on sb
- 21.博導(dǎo)doctoral advisor
- 22.獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金scholarship、助學(xué)金stipend
- 23.高等院校higher educational institutions、institutions of higher education
- 24.理工科大學(xué)university of science & engineering
- 25.重點(diǎn)高校:key(major、leading、banner) university
- 26.大專junior college、大專文憑associate degree
- 27.中專secondary specialized school、polytechnic school
- 28.職校vocational(training) school
- 29.技工學(xué)校technical school
27)論文中人稱問題:科技論文在人稱代詞的使用上有兩種主張,一種是傳統(tǒng)式的主張,認(rèn)為科技論文側(cè)重?cái)⑹潞屯评?#xff0c;讀者重視的是論文的內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn),感興趣
28)正式論文不能用省略形式的詞,如let’s、haven’t等。
29)書面文章不要用生僻的怪字或俚語。
30)為使文章更流暢、通順,應(yīng)注意結(jié)構(gòu)詞的使用。在一篇科技論文中,普通詞和結(jié)構(gòu)詞可占90%以上,而專業(yè)詞匯不過只占5%左右。
常用的結(jié)構(gòu)詞:
- 1.增加、繼續(xù)擴(kuò)展:additionally、in addition、as well as、besides、furthermore、moreover、equally important、on the second thought、subs equently
- 比較:after all、alternately、a similar analysis shows、however、in comparison with、in contrast、 nevertheless、on the contrary、on the other hand、otherwise、whereas、yet…
- 3.詳述:as an example、for instance、such as、in general、objectively speaking、generally speaking、namely、that is to say…
- 4.概括:in essence、in other words、in short、in summary、to sum up、let us review the steps in the preceding chapter(above-mentioned procedure)、several remarks need to be made at this point、as mentioned above 、all in all…
- 5.目的:for this purpose、for this reason、in order to、with this goal…
- 6.結(jié)果:as a result、accordingly、consequently、hence、in view of these considerations、so far、the forging discussion illustrates、therefore、in spite of…
- 7.贊同:certainly、obviously、fortunately、hopefully、in fact、of course、undeniably、without any question…
- 8.時(shí)間:a little later、as will be seen、at present、at this point、finally、immediately、meanwhile、at the same time、presently、recently、ultimately。
六、第二講 科技論文中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)特點(diǎn)
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英語科技文章中動(dòng)詞常用的時(shí)態(tài)種類較少,經(jīng)常使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),現(xiàn)分別介紹如下:
一、時(shí)態(tài)
英語動(dòng)詞共16種時(shí)態(tài),其中最常用的只有5種,即一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。科技文章中一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)比另外兩種更常用些:
1.????????一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)是科技文章中最常見的時(shí)態(tài),主要有三種用法。
A.????????敘述一般過程
A scientist observes carefully applies logical thought to his observations and tries to find relationships in data.
B.敘述客觀事實(shí)或科學(xué)定理
Sound travels through the air in waves.
Work is equal to the product of force and the distance through which the force moves.
C.通常或習(xí)慣發(fā)生的行為
Alternating current is usually supplied to people’s house at 50 cycles per second.
2.????????一般將來時(shí)
表示將來發(fā)生的行為或情況。
Electronic products will become more and more miniaturized because of the increase of inter
1.????????During the part few years,several countries have pooled(開發(fā)利用) their resources in order to carry out certain scientific investigation more efficiently.
2.????????The September 11 terrorist attacks have caused great compact on the global economy.
二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)
在科技文章中被動(dòng)語態(tài)用得十分頻繁,這主要有兩個(gè)原因:第一是誰來執(zhí)行這些行為和過程并不重要;第二是行為或過程的主體或者沒有必要指出,或者根本指不出來。由于摘要語言簡明直接,故摘要中大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
三種句型:
1:主語+修飾語+被修飾語
2:主語+被動(dòng)語態(tài)+修飾語
3:主語(+修飾語)+被動(dòng)語態(tài)+補(bǔ)足成分
例1:A triangulation technique consisting of participant observation 、interviews and questions was used to collect data from 100 engineers and twenty project managers over a two year period.
例2:The technical and economic aspects of the problem involved are examined in detail,emphasizing the comparison among different possible alternative solutions. (各種可供選擇的解決方案)
在科技文章中有帶by的短語或句子,但數(shù)量不是很多,而且這種帶by的短語或句子常常不是指行為的主體,而是行為或過程的方式或工具。
1.????????The insulating substance was severely damaged by the sea water.
2.????????The phenomenon was recognized many years ago and put into use in various applications although it was then poorly understood.
3.????????The spectrum of the antibiotic substance could be determined by testing its effectiveness against various types of bacteria.
4.????????Most of the drags in current use were discovered by accident or trial and error.
使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的另一個(gè)原因是用于向后擴(kuò)展句子,不至于顯得頭重腳輕。
例:In the digital computer the number to be manipulated are represented by sequences of digits which are first recorded in suitable code ,then converted into positive and negative electrical impulses.
七、第三講 名詞化和動(dòng)詞非限定形式
light scans――the scanning of the light
to apply force――the application of force
to translate Chinese into English――the translation of Chinese into English
例如,名詞化既是句子的簡化手段,又是句子復(fù)雜化的手段。
1.????????Conversion of the energy of a mountain stream into the powerful torque of an electric motor a hundred miles away.
2.????????The General Secretary has prepared a five year survey program which is designed contribution to the development of natural resources by indicating economic and technologically advanced approaches to the exploration and assessment of these resources.
動(dòng)詞非限定形式:
1.????????動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式在句子中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語和狀語。
- 1.????????Although it(形式主語) is??difficult (for scientists to know)(to deal with such a large subject 實(shí)際主語),the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties(表語)an underdeveloped on emerging region has to face.
- 2.????????The refusal to be disturbed or disorganized(干擾和攪亂)by unexpected or apparently adverse occurrences(意外事件),put on the contrary,to be stimulated (激勵(lì))by them(定語),has in fact been a marked characteristic of successful investigators.
- 3.????????Industry everywhere forced rising labor costs and more complex processes, both arising from the determination of human being to achieve a better stand and of living.
2.????????分詞
作定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語。分詞短語起定語從句或狀語從句作用,并且和它們交替使用。句子不至于顯得單調(diào)。
- 1.????????Thus we may be faced with a society having two basic groups in industrial organization :one consisting of those who carry out the decision of this organizing group.
- 2.????????It is not easy ,for example ,to explain the processes involved in a computerized control system if the basic algebraic symbols are without meaning.
- 3.????????Confronted with the many problems presented by,let us say,an active volcano, we many ask:How does volcano work and how is the heart generated?When did volcano first begin to erupt and when is if likely to erupt again?
英語科技文章中有時(shí)還用獨(dú)立分詞結(jié)構(gòu),它有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)形式:
- Optimal design 優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)
- Digital manufacturing 數(shù)字制造
- (a)????????分詞有自己的邏輯主語,它和句子的主語不一樣
- The engineering solution is the optimum solution,the most desirable end result taking into account many factors.
- (b)????????介詞+賓語+賓補(bǔ)
The volunteers would come into a room where there was a row of five calicles with their doors shut.
動(dòng)名詞:
可作主語、定語、表語、賓語,也可以有自己的賓語和。在科技英語中動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)名詞短語還可作介詞和的賓語。
2.The technique of making the computer carry out a particular task is known as programming ,which involves first breaking the calculation down into a sequence of arithmetic operations and then preparing a series of instructions which cause the discreet computers to carry out the required operations on the stored information in the current order.
Operation on+對象/with+手段
多重復(fù)合句:
This instrument works on the principle that each individual substance emits a characteristic spectrum of light when its molecules are caused to vibrate by the application of the heat ,electricity ,etc. and after studying the spectrum he had obtained on this occasion,Hilebrend??reported the gas to be nitrogen.
When we look into the matter carefully,we will find that the world we live in presents an endless variety of fascinating problems which excite our wonder and curiosity.
語法分析:找謂語-后找主語;找連接詞。
The point I am anxious to make is that the research for models of this kind,the study of their behavior and the relationship of this behavior with the real situations which they seek to represent and the consequential modification of them so as to lead to reliable prediction and then to decision-making would not be possible if there were no assistance afforded to the investigator by the digital computer and by the work of the technologists who it(works) is founded into stable ,reliable and economical pieces of electrical equipment.
該句的主語就是:我很想說明的一點(diǎn)就是……
部門:sector
It also means that governments are increasing compelled to interfere in these sections in order to set up production and ensure that it utilized to the best advantage:for example,They may alter the structure of education ,or interface in order to reduce the consumption of natural resources or tap resources hither to unexploited;or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international the international Atomic Energy Agency,the European
Including…后不加and so on
Such as 后加and so on
Industry產(chǎn)業(yè),狹義:工業(yè)
Interactive交互式(上課)
八、關(guān)于科技論文摘要的語言特點(diǎn)
以下幾種行文格式可參考:
- (1)The author(or writer)of this article(paper、dissertation、thesis)reviews(discusses、tries to describe、explores、deal with、summarizes、gives an account of、etc.)something…
- (2)The aim(purpose、objective)of this article is to determine(explore、review)sth…
- (3)… problem of…is discussed(researched、investigated、analyzed、evaluated、assessed、reported)
- (4)The method(theoretical foundation、experimental scheme、modification to、algorithm…)is discussed (suggested、proposed、presented、developed…)
- 例1:The author presents some new observations both theoretical and experimental concerning the effect of the mutual??interaction between micro-sized particles in a standing waves.
- 例2:The author describes a configuration
固定搭配:
- 1.與system連用的詞組
- build up、develop、improve、set up、work out(通過努力達(dá)到、制定出、設(shè)計(jì)、研究、估計(jì)出)、establish、devise、examine、found、formulate(系統(tǒng)闡述、說明、表達(dá))、check
- 2.與influence
- have(has、exert、produce、impose、bring about)a great(favorable、beneficial、deep、predominant、considerable、lasting、wide-spread、decisive、permanent、harmful、destructive…)influence on …,under the influence of…
- 另外說明:effect一般指直接的影響(科學(xué)研究、實(shí)踐中),influence指深遠(yuǎn)重大影響,impact指重大的沖擊般的影響。
- 3.與develop
- achieve(affect、attain、hinder、reach、prevent)a(the)great(remarkable、rapid、comprehensive)development of…
關(guān)于結(jié)論的建議有如下格式:
1.????????The author suggests(recommends、concludes)that
2.????????This article shows that
3.????????The author’s suggestion(conclusion)is that
4.????????The author finds(considers、seems)if necessary to
例1:The author proposes an approach to the creation of a synthetic(integrated、comprehensive)method of investigating and designing objects.
結(jié)論結(jié)果比較:
1.????????These results are(quite) consistent with the original hypothesis.
2.????????These results provide substantial evidence for
3.????????These experimental results support the original hypothesis that…
4.????????Our research results are in substantial agreement with…
5.????????The experimental and theoretical values agree quite well.
6.????????These experimental values(data) are higher(lower)than those with traditional(common) methods,
7.????????The result observed in our study are better than those reported by howell(1996)。
?
總結(jié)
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