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在很多情況下，一個大腦中的神經過程與另一個大腦中的神經過程是通過環境傳遞的信號耦合。大腦間的耦合塑造了社會網絡中每個個體的行為，從而導致更為復雜的社會交互。而人類的生存與發展，都是在人與人之間的社會交互作用中實現的，通過社會交往，個體接受各種社會影響，掌握社會規范，學習社會行為。

目前，實驗室實驗通常是將人或動物與自然環境隔離，把他們放在一個封閉的房間里，只與計算機程序進行交互。這種以自我為中心的研究框架讓人想起托勒密的地心說。從人類文明早期開始，人們就認為恒星對地球物理過程（如：地震彈性波、重力、地磁、地電、地熱等）沒有任何影響。目前對引力、軌道和潮汐的了解是在哥白尼革命之后才出現的，哥白尼革命使人們認識到，地球只是一個復雜的、相互作用的行星系統中的一個元素。同樣，在認知神經科學領域中，對單個個體的著重關注掩蓋了大腦之間交互對行為塑造的力量。語言交流就是一個很好的例子來說明他人在一個人的認知過程中所起的作用。正如Wittgenstein所說，一個詞的意義是由其使用來定義的。但是，隨著時代、文化、環境的不同，正確的用法也會有所不同。因此，適當使用一個詞的基礎是一個說話群體所共有的一套相互關聯的規范。比如，要掌握一門語言，你必須通過與其他成員互動來學習單詞的正確用法。這種互動從根本上塑造了個體的思維和行為方式。不過不僅僅只是語言，其他一些非語言社交和認知技能也需要多個個體的協作。在人際互動中出現的如此多的認知能力的情況下，如果不考察和理解個體之間的相互作用，就不可能完全理解個體大腦中的認知過程。這可能也是目前很多研究從對單一的大腦研究轉向多個大腦聯合參考的原因吧。

小編在這里也為大家整理了使用fNIRS/fMRI/EEG/MEG技術研究多個大腦交互的相關研究，感興趣的小伙伴可以在公眾號后臺回復“超掃描合集”，獲取以下所有文獻。

fNIRS超掃描

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Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD—a fNIRS hyperscanning study.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa092

Team-work, Team-brain: Exploring synchrony and team interdependence?in a nine-person drumming task via multiparticipant hyperscanning and?inter-brain network topology with fNIRS.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.11814

Interpersonal Neural Synchrony During Father-Child Problem Solving: An?fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.

doi:?10.1111/cdev.13510

Educational diversity and group creativity: Evidence from fNIRS?hyperscanning.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118564

Dynamic inter-brain synchrony in real-life inter-personal cooperation: A?functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning study.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118263

A Guide to Parent-Child fNIRS Hyperscanning Data Processing?and Analysis.

doi:?10.3390/s21124075

Interbrain Synchrony of Team?Collaborative Decision-Making: An?fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.702959

NIRS-based hyperscanning reveals increased interpersonal coherence in superior?frontal cortex during cooperation.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.003

Leader emergence through interpersonal neural synchronization.

doi:?10.1073/pnas.1422930112

Synchronous activity of two people’s prefrontal cortices during a cooperative task measured by simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy.

doi:?10.1117/1.3602853

Cluster imaging of multi-brain networks (CIMBN): a general framework for hyperscanning and modeling a group of interacting brains.

doi:?10.3389/fnins.2015.00267

Neural Synchronization during Face-to-Face Communication.

doi:?10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2926-12.2012

A new research trend in social neuroscience: Towards an?interactive-brain neuroscience.

doi:?10.1002/pchj.56

Independent component analysisbased source-level hyperlink analysis for two-person neuroscience studies.

doi:?10.1117/1.JBO.22.2.027004

Brain and motor synchrony in children and adolescents with ASD—a fNIRS hyperscanning study.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa092

Cooperation in Lovers: An fNIRS-Based Hyperscanning Study.

doi: 10.1002/hbm.23421

The role of anterior prefrontal cortex (area 10) in face-to-face deception measured with fNIRS.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa086

Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS?hyperscanning.

doi: 10.1038/srep26492

Brain-to-brain synchrony in parent-child dyads and the relationship?with emotion regulation revealed by fNIRS-based hyperscanning.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.060

Interbrains cooperation: Hyperscanning and self-perception in joint actions.

doi:?10.1080/13803395.2016.1253666

fMRI超掃描

Decoupled Circular-Polarized Dual-Head Volume Coil?Pair for Studying Two Interacting Human Brains with?Dyadic fMRI.

doi: 10.1002/mrm.23313

What makes?eye contact special? Neural substrates of on-line mutual eyegaze: a hyperscanning fMRI study.

doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0284-18.2019

Hyperscanning: Simultaneous fMRI during Linked Social Interactions.

doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1150

Hard to “tune in”: neural mechanisms of live face-to-face?interaction with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268

The Neural Substrates of Social Influence on Decision?Making.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052630

Beyond synchrony: the capacity of fMRI hyperscanning for the study of human social interaction.

doi: 10.1093/scan/nsaa143

Dissecting social interaction: dual-fMRI reveals patterns of interpersonal brain-behavior relationships that dissociate among dimensions of social exchange.

doi:?10.1093/scan/nsz004

Bidirectional signal exchanges and their mechanisms during joint attention?interaction—a hyperscanning fMRI study.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.028

Neural substrates of shared attention as social memory: a hyperscanning?functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.076

“Stay Tuned”: Inter-Individual Neural?Synchronization During Mutual Gaze and?Joint Attention.

doi:?10.3389/fnint.2010.00127

Speaker–Listener Neural Coupling Underlies?Successful Communication.

doi:?10.1073/pnas.1008662107

On the Same Wavelength: Predictable Language?Enhances Speaker–Listener Brain-to-Brain?Synchrony in Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus.

doi:?10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3796-13.2014

Information Flow Between Interacting Human?Brains: Identification, Validation and Relationship?to Social Expertise.

doi:?10.1073/pnas.1421831112

EEG超掃描

Simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic data?in musicians playing in ensemble.

doi:?10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.006

Inter-Brain Synchronization during Social Interaction.

doi:?10.4161/cib.4.3.15110

High resolution EEG hyperscanning during a card game.

doi:?10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353453

Inter-brain synchrony and cooperation context in interactive decision making.

doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.12.005

Hypermethods for EEG hyperscanning.

doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260754

Imaging the Social Brain by Simultaneous Hyperscanning During Subject Interaction.

doi: 10.1109/MIS.2011.61

Interbrain Phase Synchronization During?Turn-Taking Verbal Interaction—A Hyperscanning?Study Using Simultaneous EEG/MEG.

doi:?10.1002/hbm.23834

Neuroelectrical hyperscanning measures simultaneous brain activity in?humans.

doi:?10.1007/s10548-010-0147-9

Anatomical Connectivity Influences both Intra- and Inter-Brain Synchronizations.

doi:?10.1371/journal.pone.0036414

Intra- and interbrain synchronization and network properties when playing guitar in duets.

doi:?10.3389/fnhum.2012.00312

Joint recording of EEG and audio signals in hyperscanning and pseudo-hyperscanning experiments.

doi:?10.31234/osf.io/xzm76

Multiple-Brain Connectivity During Third Party?Punishment: An EEG hyperscanning Study.

doi:?10.1038/s41598-018-24416-w

Teams on The Same Wavelength Perform Better:?Inter-Brain Phase Synchronization Constitutes a?Neural Substrate for Social Facilitation.

doi:?10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.013

Brain Interaction During Cooperation: Evaluating?Local Properties of Multiple-Brain Network.

doi:?10.3390/brainsci7070090

Brain-to-Brain Entrainment: EEG Interbrain?Synchronization While Speaking and Listening.

doi:?10.1038/s41598-017-04464-4

Brain-to-Brain Synchrony Tracks Real-World?Dynamic Group Interactions in the Classroom.

doi:?10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.002

Investigating Cooperative Behavior in Ecological?Settings: An EEG hyperscanning Study.

doi:?10.1371/journal.pone.0154236

EEG hyperscanning Study of Inter-Brain?Synchrony During Cooperative and?Competitive Interaction.

doi:?10.1109/smc.2016.7844990

Automatic Measure of Imitation During Social?Interaction: A Behavioral and?hyperscanning-EEG Benchmark.

doi:?10.1016/j.patrec.2014.09.002

Interpersonal Body and Neural Synchronization as?a Marker of Implicit Social Interaction.

doi:?10.1038/srep00959

Extrasensory Electroencephalographic Induction?Between Identical Twins.

doi:?10.1126/science.150.3694.367

MEG超掃描

MEG dual scanning: a procedure to study real-time?auditory interaction between two persons.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00083

Mu rhythm suppression reflects mother-child face-to-face interactions: a pilot study with simultaneous MEG recording.

doi: 10.1038/srep34977

Hyperscanning?MEG for understanding mother-child cerebral interactions.

doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00118

Neural signatures of hand kinematics in leaders vs. followers: A dual-MEG study.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.002

Interbrain Phase Synchronization During?Turn-Taking Verbal Interaction—A Hyperscanning?Study Using Simultaneous EEG/MEG.

doi:?10.1002/hbm.23834

An internet-based realtime audiovisual link for dual MEG recordings.

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128485

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